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Year 2023, , 142 - 170, 20.03.2023

İlker Özdemir , Tarık Özbek

https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.1221366

Abstract

Humiliation is one of the most important topics that have been discussed in various disciplines such as psychology, social psychology, philosophy, history, anthropology, and sociology since the early 1990s. The term is associated with emotions, namely victims' feelings, perpetrators' acts, and social processes. Common themes in the literature also involve the lowering of status, violation of dignity, self-respect or honour, and the abasement of pride. However, humiliation for us is related to degrading or humiliating treatments performed by others. Humiliation, in other words, is not only an emotion but also an act and generally appears in having unequal powers in which humiliators have control over individuals, groups, such as a certain racial, ethnic, religious, gender minority, and nations. In addition, humiliation is more than a subjective feeling and action, it is an instrument of political power, wielded with intent. In brief, humiliation is a downward push to the ground. This push should be considered as a hurtful violation, depending on the social, cultural, political and psychological framework. Therefore, any attempt to degrade the dignity of persons or groups is a humiliating act against humanity in general. The aim of this article is to link humiliation with the concept of hubris and the feeling of contempt in general, and to explain what humiliation is as well as to analyse the relationship between humiliation and respect with a critical eye by starting from the concepts of honour and dignity.

Keywords

Humiliation contempt dignity honor respect

References

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  • Jackson, Mark Andrew (2000). “Distinguishing Shame and Humiliation. Dissertation Abstracts International.” The Sciences and Engineering, 61 (4): 2272.
  • Jacobson, Arland D. (2013). “The Role of Humiliation in International Conflict.” Northern Plains Ethics Journal, 65-94.
  • Kaufmann, Paulus vd. (2011). Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization: Human Dignity Violated. London: Springer.
  • Kant, Immanuel (2013). Ahlak Metafiziğinin Temellendirilmesi. Çev., I. Kuçuradi. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayını.
  • Kant, Immanuel (2007). Ethica: Etik Üzerine Dersler. Çev., O. Özügül. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
  • Kendler, Kenneth S. vd. (2003). “Life Event Dimensions of Loss, Humiliation, Entrapment, and Danger in the Prediction of Onsets of Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety.” Archives of General Psychiatry, (60): 789-796.
  • Keneş , Hatice Çoban (2012) “Biyolojik Mitten Kültürel mite: Yeni Irkçılık Nedir?”, Dipnot, sayı 9 (“Yeni Irkçılık Nedir?”), Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran 2012, Sayfa: 5-21.
  • Koçak, Orhan (2000). “İlişmeyelim: Haysiyet Kavramı Çerçevesinde.” Defter, 40: 147-168.
  • Klein, Donald C. (1991) “The Humiliation Dynamic: An Overview The Humiliation Dynamic: Viewing the Task of Prevention From a New Perspective.” Journal of Primary Prevention, 12 (2): 93-121.
  • Koestenbaum, Wayne (2011). Humiliation. New York: Picador.
  • Lacey, David (2011). “The Role of Humiliation in the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict in Gaza.” Psychology & Society, 4 (1): 76-92.
  • Lazare, Aaron (1987). “Shame and Humiliation in the Medical Encounter.” Archives of Internal Medicine, 147: 1653-1658.
  • Lazarus, Richard S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Leask, Phil (2013). “Losing Trust in the World: Humiliation and Its Consequences.” Psychodynamic Practice, 19 (2): 129–142.
  • Lewis, Helen Block (1987). “Shame and the Narcissistic Personality.” The Many Faces of Shame. D. L. Nathanson (ed.) içinde. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2006). Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2000). The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda/Burundi, and Hitler’s Germany. A Ph. D. dissertation submitted to the University of Oslo, Department of Psychology, www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/evelin/DissertationPsychology.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2001). “Humiliation as the Source of Terrorism: A New Paradigm.” Peace Research, 33 (2): 59-68.
  • Macdowell, Douglas. M. (1976). “Hybris in Athens.” Greece & Rome, 23 (1): 14-31.
  • Margalit, Avishai (1996). The Decent Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Mead, George Herbert (1934). Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Mauss, Marcel (2018). Armağan Üzerine Deneme, Arkaik Toplumlarda Değiş Tokuşun Biçimi ve Nedeni, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • McCarley, Kendall Elyse (2009). The Humiliation Experience: Causes, Emotional Correlates, and Behavioral Consequences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Colorado: University of Denver.
  • Miller, William Ian (1993). Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Miller, William Ian (1995). “Upward Contempt.” Political Theory, 23 (3): 476-499.
  • Moïsi, Dominique (2009). The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation, and Hope are Reshaping the World. New York: Anchor.
  • Nathanson, Donald L. (1992). Shame and Pride. New York: Norton.
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. (2004). Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Neuhäuser, Christian (2011). “Humiliation: The Collective Dimension.” Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization. Kaufmann, P. vd. (ed.) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer. 21–36.
  • Peristiany, Jean G. (ed.) (1966). Honour And Shame: The Values of the Mediterranean Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Plutchik, Robert (1980). Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1966). “Honour and Social Status.” Honour And Shame: The Values of the Mediterranean Society. J. G. Peristiany (ed.) içinde. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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Aşağılama, Haysiyet ve Saygı

Year 2023, , 142 - 170, 20.03.2023

İlker Özdemir , Tarık Özbek

https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.1221366

Abstract

1990'lı yılların başından bu yana psikoloji, sosyal psikoloji, felsefe, tarih, antropoloji ve sosyoloji gibi farklı disiplinlerde tartışılagelen en önemli konulardan biri aşağıla(n)madır. Söz konusu disiplinlerde terim ilk olarak duygularla, yani mağdurun hisleriyle; ikinci olarak, faillerin eylemleriyle ve aynı zamanda toplumsal süreçlerle ilişkilidir. Literatürde yer alan ortak temalar; statünün düşürülmesi, haysiyetin, kendine saygının veya şerefin ihlali ve gururun kırılmasını içermektedir. Bununla birlikte aşağılama, başkaları tarafından yapılan küçük düşürücü ya da aşağılayıcı muamelelerle ilgilidir. Başka bir deyişle aşağılama, sadece bir duygu değil aynı zamanda bir eylemdir ve genellikle aşağılayan bireyler, belirli bir ırksal, etnik, dini, cinsiyet azınlıkları gibi gruplar ve uluslar üzerinde kontrol sahibi olduğu, eşit olmayan güç ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkar. Buna ek olarak aşağılama, öznel bir his ve eylemden daha fazlası olup, kasıtlı olarak kullanılan bir politik iktidar aracıdır. Kısacası, aşağılama yere/toprağa, aşağı doğru bir itmedir. Bu zorlama toplumsal, kültürel, politik, psikolojik çerçeveye bağlı, incitici bir ihlal olarak düşünülmelidir. Dolayısıyla herhangi bir kişinin veya grubun haysiyetini düşürmeye yönelik bir girişim, tüm gruplara ve genel olarak insanlığa karşı aşağılayıcı bir davranıştır. Bu makalenin amacı; aşağılamayı genel olarak “hubris” kavramıyla, aşağısama duygusuyla ilişkilendirip aşağılamanın ne olduğunu açıklamak ve bununla birlikte, şeref ve haysiyet kavramlarından yola çıkarak aşağılama ve saygı kavramı arasındaki ilişkiyi eleştirel bir gözle analiz etmektir.

Keywords

Aşağılama aşağısama haysiyet saygı şeref.

References

  • Aristoteles (1995). Retorik. Çev. M. H. Doğan. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Aristoteles (1997). Nikomakhos’a Etik. Çev. Saffet Babür. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Balibar, Etienne (2000) “Bir ‘Yeni Irkçılık’ Var mı?”, Irk, Ulus Sınıf içinde, çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Sayfa: 25-38. .
  • Beccaria, Cesare (2004) Suçlar ve Cezalar Hakkında, Çeviren: Sami Selçuk, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of Judgement Taste. Londra: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2014). “Simgesel Sermaye ve Toplumsal Sınıflar.” Çev. N. Ökten. Cogito, Sayı: 76, Bahar 2014, Sayfa: 192-203. (Yapı Kredi Yayınları).
  • Canetti, Elias (2010). Kitle ve İktidar. Çev. G. Aygen. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Carroll, Ross (2019). “How Contempt Became a Passion.” History of European Ideas, 45 (3): 346-362.
  • Cioran, Emil Michel (2007). Ezeli Mağlup. Çev. H. Bayrı. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Descartes, Rene (2020). Ruhun Tutkuları. Çev. E. Sunar. Ankara: Say Yayınları.
  • Ekman, Paul ve Wallace V. Friesen (1975). Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Ekman, Paul ve Wallace V. Friesen (1986). “A New Pan-Cultural Facial Expression of Emotion.” Motivation and Emotion, 10 (2): 159–168.
  • Elison, Jeff ve Susan Harter (2007). “Humiliation: Causes, Correlates, and Consequences.” The Self-conscious Emotions: Theory and Research. J. L. Tracy vd. (ed.) içinde. New York: Guilford Press. 310-329.
  • Elshout, Maartje vd. (2016). “Conceptualising Humiliation.” Cognition and Emotion, 31(8): 1581–1594.
  • Erhat, Azra (1996). Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Fattah, Khaled ve K. M. Fierke (2009). “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of International Relations, 15 (1): 67–93.
  • Fisher, N. R. E. (1976). “Hybris and Dishonour.” Greece & Rome, 23 (2): 177-193.
  • Foucault, Michel (2001). Hapishanenin Doğuşu. Çev. M. A. Kılıçbay. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Garfinkel, Harold (2016). “Başarılı Bir İtibarsızlaştırma Töreninin Koşulları.” Yabancı. L. Ünsaldı (der.) içinde. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Gilbert, Paul (1997). “The Evolution of Social Attractiveness and its Role in Shame, Humiliation, Guilt and Therapy.” British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70 (2): 113–147.
  • Ginges, Jeremy ve Scott Atran (2008). “Humiliation and the Inertia Effect: Implications for Understanding Violence and Compromise in Intractable Intergroup Conflicts.” Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8: 281-294.
  • Goldman, S. Jennifer ve Peter T. Coleman (2008). “A Theoretical Understanding of How Emotions Fuel Intractable Conflict: The Case of Humiliation.” https://www.humiliationstudies.org. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2022.
  • Gabriele, Taylor (1985). Pride, Shame and Guilt. Emotions of Self-assessment. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Goffman, Erving (2004). Günlük Yaşamda Benliğin Sunumu. Çev. B. Cezar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Haidt, Jonathan (2003). “The Moral Emotions.” Handbook of Affective Sciences. R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, H. H. Goldsmith (ed) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 852-870.
  • Hançerlioğlu, Orhan (2007). Türk Dili Sözlüğü. Ankara: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Harter, Susan vd. (2003). “What Have We Learned from Columbine: The Impact of the Self-System on Suicidal and Violent Ideation Among Adolescents.” Journal of School Violence, (2): 3–26.
  • Hartling, Linda M. ve Tracy Luchetta (1999). “Humiliation: Assessing the Impact of Derision, Degradation, and Debasement.” Journal of Primary Prevention, 19 (4): 259–278.
  • Homeros (2014). İlyada. Çev. Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Huizinga, Johan (2006). Homo Ludens: Oyunun Toplumsal İşlevi Üzerine Bir Deneme. Çev. M. Ali Kılıçbay. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Jackson, Mark Andrew (2000). “Distinguishing Shame and Humiliation. Dissertation Abstracts International.” The Sciences and Engineering, 61 (4): 2272.
  • Jacobson, Arland D. (2013). “The Role of Humiliation in International Conflict.” Northern Plains Ethics Journal, 65-94.
  • Kaufmann, Paulus vd. (2011). Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization: Human Dignity Violated. London: Springer.
  • Kant, Immanuel (2013). Ahlak Metafiziğinin Temellendirilmesi. Çev., I. Kuçuradi. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayını.
  • Kant, Immanuel (2007). Ethica: Etik Üzerine Dersler. Çev., O. Özügül. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
  • Kendler, Kenneth S. vd. (2003). “Life Event Dimensions of Loss, Humiliation, Entrapment, and Danger in the Prediction of Onsets of Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety.” Archives of General Psychiatry, (60): 789-796.
  • Keneş , Hatice Çoban (2012) “Biyolojik Mitten Kültürel mite: Yeni Irkçılık Nedir?”, Dipnot, sayı 9 (“Yeni Irkçılık Nedir?”), Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran 2012, Sayfa: 5-21.
  • Koçak, Orhan (2000). “İlişmeyelim: Haysiyet Kavramı Çerçevesinde.” Defter, 40: 147-168.
  • Klein, Donald C. (1991) “The Humiliation Dynamic: An Overview The Humiliation Dynamic: Viewing the Task of Prevention From a New Perspective.” Journal of Primary Prevention, 12 (2): 93-121.
  • Koestenbaum, Wayne (2011). Humiliation. New York: Picador.
  • Lacey, David (2011). “The Role of Humiliation in the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict in Gaza.” Psychology & Society, 4 (1): 76-92.
  • Lazare, Aaron (1987). “Shame and Humiliation in the Medical Encounter.” Archives of Internal Medicine, 147: 1653-1658.
  • Lazarus, Richard S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Leask, Phil (2013). “Losing Trust in the World: Humiliation and Its Consequences.” Psychodynamic Practice, 19 (2): 129–142.
  • Lewis, Helen Block (1987). “Shame and the Narcissistic Personality.” The Many Faces of Shame. D. L. Nathanson (ed.) içinde. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2006). Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2000). The Psychology of Humiliation: Somalia, Rwanda/Burundi, and Hitler’s Germany. A Ph. D. dissertation submitted to the University of Oslo, Department of Psychology, www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/evelin/DissertationPsychology.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022.
  • Lindner, Evelin (2001). “Humiliation as the Source of Terrorism: A New Paradigm.” Peace Research, 33 (2): 59-68.
  • Macdowell, Douglas. M. (1976). “Hybris in Athens.” Greece & Rome, 23 (1): 14-31.
  • Margalit, Avishai (1996). The Decent Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Mead, George Herbert (1934). Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Mauss, Marcel (2018). Armağan Üzerine Deneme, Arkaik Toplumlarda Değiş Tokuşun Biçimi ve Nedeni, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • McCarley, Kendall Elyse (2009). The Humiliation Experience: Causes, Emotional Correlates, and Behavioral Consequences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Colorado: University of Denver.
  • Miller, William Ian (1993). Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Miller, William Ian (1995). “Upward Contempt.” Political Theory, 23 (3): 476-499.
  • Moïsi, Dominique (2009). The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation, and Hope are Reshaping the World. New York: Anchor.
  • Nathanson, Donald L. (1992). Shame and Pride. New York: Norton.
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. (2004). Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Neuhäuser, Christian (2011). “Humiliation: The Collective Dimension.” Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization. Kaufmann, P. vd. (ed.) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer. 21–36.
  • Peristiany, Jean G. (ed.) (1966). Honour And Shame: The Values of the Mediterranean Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Plutchik, Robert (1980). Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1966). “Honour and Social Status.” Honour And Shame: The Values of the Mediterranean Society. J. G. Peristiany (ed.) içinde. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies, Ethics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İlker Özdemir 0000-0001-7148-1604

Tarık Özbek 0000-0001-6511-3960

Publication Date March 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Özdemir, İ., & Özbek, T. (2023). Aşağılama, Haysiyet ve Saygı. Kültür Ve İletişim, 26(1)(51), 142-170. https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.1221366