Türkiye Müzik Endüstrisinde Platformlar ve Algoritmik Kürasyonun Yeni Kültürel Aracılık Rolü-Que Vadis?
Year 2023,
Volume: 26(1) Issue: 51, 108 - 141, 20.03.2023
Mutlu Binark
,
Erman M. Demir
,
Serra Sezgin
,
Gökçe Özsu
Abstract
Kültürel aracılar kültürel üretim ve tüketim pratikleri arasında eşik bekçiliği yaparken, kendilerini kültürel otorite olarak konumlandırarak, sembolik sermayelerini izlerkitleye meşru beğeni olarak aktarırlar. Pierre Bourdieu’nun tarif ettiği bu kavram müzik endüstrisi özelinde yapımcıları ve menajerleri işaret eder. Müzik endüstrinin platform ekonomisiyle birlikte geçirdiği dönüşümle birlikte, platform sahiplerinin atadığı kürasyon gücüyle insan olmayan maddi aktörler (algoritmalar) yeni aracı rolünü üstlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada müzik endüstrisinde platformlaşmaya koşut olarak kültürel aracılık olgusunun nasıl değiştiği, Türkiye’de müzik endüstrisinin farklı aktörlerinin bu değişime karşı yaklaşımları üç tema ekseninde tartışılmaktadır: Üretim ilişkilerindeki dönüşüm, eserlerin türsel/biçimsel dönüşümü, bağımsız sanatçıların var olma stratejileri. Bu kapsamda Kasım 2021 ve Haziran 2022 arasında nitel araştırma tekniklerine dayalı bir saha araştırması yürütülmüş, endüstrisinin farklı aktörlerinin katılımıyla 4 odak grup ve 31 derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, Türkiye’de müzik endüstrisinin farklı aktörlerinin platform ekonomisinin gücünü oluşturan yeni kültürel aracılar olarak algoritmik kürasyonun işleme mantığının farkında olduğunu, platform ekonomisinin yine büyük müzik şirketleri ve repertuvarları güçlü sanatçılar lehine işlediğini, algoritmaların kara kutular olarak işlemesinin bağımsız ve alternatif sanatçılar aleyhine şekillendiğini, bağımsız sanatçıların algoritmik beğeninin şekillenmesi sürecinde dijital iş modellerine uyumlanmaya, dijital beceriler kazanmaya çalıştıklarını göstermiştir. Ancak, araştırmanın katılımcıları platform kapitalizminin eşitsizlik üreten bu yapısını veya teknoloji şirketlerinin varlığını sorunsallaştırmamaktadır.
Supporting Institution
Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Telif Hakları Genel Müdürlüğü
References
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Baym, Nancy K. (2018). Playing To The Crowd. NewYork: NYU Press. Bennett, Andy ve Paula Guerra (Der.) (2018). DIY Cultures and Underground Music Scenes. Londra: Routledge.
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- Bourdieu, Pierre (2023). Kültür Üretimi: Sembolik Ürünler/Sembolik Sermaye. Çev. Sibel Yardımcı ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Bourdieu, Pierre (2021). Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi. Çev. Derya Fırat. Ankara: Nika.
- Byrne, David (2021). Müzik Nasıl İşler?. Çev. Ergin Özler. İstanbul: MSG Mundi Kitap.
- Chodos, Ashler Tobin (2019). “What does music mean to Spotify? An essay on musical significance in the era of digital curation”, INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology, INSAM Institut za savremenu umjetničku muziku, 2(1): 36–64.
- Couldry, Nicke ve Ulises Ali Mejias (2019). The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Çakmur, Barış (2001). Music Industry in Turkey: An Assessment in The Context Of Political Economy of Cultural Production [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
- Eubanks, Virginia (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Gaw, Fatima (2021). “Algorithmic Logics And The Construction Of Cultural Taste Of The Netflix Recommender System”, Media, Culture & Society, 44(4), 706–725. https://Doi.Org/10.1177/01634437211053767
- Gee, James Paul (2005). “Semiotic social spaces and affinity spaces: From the age of mythology to today's schools”, Beyond Communities of Practice: Language, Power and Social Context. David Barton ve Karin Tusting (der.) içinde. Londra: Cambridge University Press. 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610554.012
- Gillespie, Tarleton (2014). “The Relevance of Algorithms”, Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo J. Boczkowski, and Kirsten A. Foot (der.) içinde. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 167-193.
- Graham, Gary, Bernard Burnes, Gerard Lewis ve Janet Langer (2004). “The Transformation Of The Music Industry Supply Chain: A Major Label Perspective”, International Journal Of Operations And Production Management, 24(11): 1087–1103. https://Doi.Org/10.1108/01443570410563241
- Hracs, Brian (2015). “Cultural intermediaries in the digital age: The case of independent musicians and managers in Toronto”, Regional Studies, 49(3), 461-475.
- Hracs, Brian (2016). “Working harder and working smarter: The survival strategies of contemporary independent musicians”, The Production and Consumption of Music in the Digital Age. Brian J. Hracs, Michael Seman, Tarek E. Virani (der.) içinde. Londra: Routledge. 41-55.
- Johnson, Randal (2023). Sunuş, “Pierre Bourdieu’nün Sanat, Edebiyat ve Kültür Sosyolojisi”, Pierre Bourdieu, Kültür Üretimi: Sembolik Ürünler Sembolik Sermaye içinde. Çev. Sibel Yardımcı ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. 7-50.
- Kitchin, Rob (2017). “Thinking critically about and researching algorithms”, Information, Communication & Society, 20(1): 14–29.
- Krueger, Alan B. (2020). Müzikonomi. Çev. Ergin Özler. İstanbul: Mundi Kitap.
- Lange, Bastian (2016). “The Evolution of Music Tastemakers in the Digital Age”, The Production and Consumption of Music in the Digital Age. Brian J. Hracs, Michael Seman, Tarek E. Virani (der.) içinde. Londra: Routledge. 237-247.
- Lena, Funda (2018). Türkiye’nin Müzik Endüstrisinde Çeşitli(Siz)Lik. İstanbul: Kreksa Kültür Yayınları.
- Leyshon, Andrew (2001). “Time–Space (and Digital) Compression: Software Formats, Musical Networks, and the Reorganisation of the Music Industry”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 33(1): 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3360
- Maasø, Arnt ve Hendrik Storstein Spilker (2022). “The Streaming Paradox: Untangling the Hybrid Gatekeeping Mechanisms of Music Streaming”, Popular Music and Society, 45(3): 300-316. DOI: 10.1080/03007766.2022.2026923
- Maguire, Jennifer Smith ve Julian Matthews (2014). “Bourdieu on cultural intermediaries”, The Cultural Intermediaries Reader. Jennifer Smith Maguire ve Julian Matthews (der.) içinde. Londra: Sage. 15-24.Morris,
- Jeremy Wade (2015). “Curation by code: Infomediaries and the data mining of taste”, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18 (4–5): 446–463.
- Morris, Jeremy Wade ve Devon Powers (2015) “Control, curation and musical experience in streaming music services”, Creative Industries Journal, 8(2): 106-122. DOI: 10.1080/17510694.2015.1090222
- Moyon, Emillien ve Xavier Lecocq (2014). “Rethinking Business Models in Creative Industries: The Case of the French Record Industry”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 44(4): 83-101. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMO0020-8825440405
- Negus, Keith (2002). “The work of cultural intermediaries and the enduring distance between production and consumption”, Cultural Studies, 16(4): 501-515.
- Noble, Safiya Uma (2018). Algorithms of Oppression. New York: New York University Press.
- Osterwalder, Alexander ve Yves Pigneur (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
- Pariser, Eli (2012). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Londra: Penguin.
- Poell, Thomas, vd. (2022). Platforms and Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Prey, Robert (2020). “Locating Power in Platformization: Music Streaming Playlists and Curatorial Power”,
Social Media + Society, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120933291
- Prey, Robert, vd. (2022). “Platform Pop: Disentangling Spotify’s intermediary role in the music industry”, Information, Communication & Society, (25)1: 74-92.
- Richards, John (2013). “Beyond DIY in Electronic Music”, Organised Sound, 18(3): 274-281. DOI:10.1017/S1355771813000241
- Srnicek, Nick (2017). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Striphas, Ted (2015). “Algorithmic Culture”, European Journal of Cultural Studies,18(4-5): 395-412.
- Sun, Meicheng (2020). “K-pop fan labor and an alternative creative industry: A case of GOT7 Chinese fans”, Global Media & China, 5(4): 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436420954588
- Tellan, Tolga (2000). “Popüler Müziğin Ekonomisi Ya Da Çok Ulusluların Bizleştirdikleri”, ...Ve Müzik: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Araştırma Ve Yorum Dergisi, 6(1), 58-64.
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- Uluslararası Fonografi Endüstrisi Federasyonu (2016). Global Music Report, Music Consumption Exploding Worldwide, State of Industry Overview. https://ifpicr.cz/ifpi-global-music-report-201
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Platforms in the Turkish Music Industry and The New Cultural Intermediation Role of Algorithmic Curation- Que Vadis?
Year 2023,
Volume: 26(1) Issue: 51, 108 - 141, 20.03.2023
Mutlu Binark
,
Erman M. Demir
,
Serra Sezgin
,
Gökçe Özsu
Abstract
While cultural intermediaries act as gatekeepers between cultural production and consumption practices, they position themselves as cultural authorities and transfer their symbolic capital to the public as legitimate taste. This concept, as described by Pierre Bourdieu, refers to producers and managers in the music industry. With the transformation of the music industry with the platform economy, non-human material actors (algorithms) are taking on the role of new mediators with the curation power assigned by the platform owners. In this study, how the phenomenon of cultural intermediation has changed in parallel with the platforming in the music industry, and the approaches of different actors of the music industry in Turkey towards this change are discussed in three themes: The transformation in production relations, the genre/formal transformation of works, the strategies of existence of independent artists. In this context, a field research based on qualitative research techniques was conducted between November 2021 and June 2022, and 4 focus groups and 31 in-depth interviews were held with the participation of different actors of the industry. The findings of the research show that the different actors of the music industry in Turkey are aware of the logic of algorithmic curation as new cultural intermediaries that constitute the power of the platform economy, that the platform economy works in favor of big music companies and artists with strong repertoires, that algorithms operate as black boxes against independent and alternative artists, showed that independent artists are trying to adapt to digital business models and gain digital skills in the process of shaping algorithmic taste. However, the participants of the research problematizes this inequality-producing structure of platform capitalism or the existence of technology companies.
References
- Aguiar, Luis ve Joel Waldfogel (2018). “As streaming reaches flood stage, does it stimulate or depress music sales?”, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 57(1): 278-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2017.06.004
- Airoldi, Massimo, Davide Beraldo and Alessandro Galdini (2016). “Follow the algorithm: An exploratory investigation of music in YouTube”. Poetics,
- Attali, Jacques (2017). Gürültüden Müziğe. Çev. Gülüş Gülcügil Türkmen. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
Baym, Nancy K. (2018). Playing To The Crowd. NewYork: NYU Press. Bennett, Andy ve Paula Guerra (Der.) (2018). DIY Cultures and Underground Music Scenes. Londra: Routledge.
- Binark, Mutlu (2020). “Arttırılmış Eğlence Olarak K-pop ve BTS’in Çekim Gücü”, Asya’da Popüler Kültür ve Medya. Mutlu Binark (der.) içinde, Ankara: UMAG Yayınevi. 189-226.
- Binark, Mutlu, Erman Demir, Serra Sezgin ve Gökçe Özsu (2022). Türkiye’deki Müzik Endüstrisinde Dijital Dönüşüm: Kültürel Üreticiler ve Platformlaşma Araştırma Raporu. Ankara: Alternatif Bilişim Derneği Yayınları. https://ekitap.alternatifbilisim.org/turkiye-muzik-endustrisinde-dijital-donusum-kulturel-ureticiler-platformlasma-raporu/
- Bonini, Tiziano ve Alessandro Ganini (2019). “‘First week is editorial, second week is algorithmic’: Platform gatekeepers and the platformization of music curation”, Social Media + Society, 5(4). DOI: 2056305119880006.
- Bourdieu, Pierre (2023). Kültür Üretimi: Sembolik Ürünler/Sembolik Sermaye. Çev. Sibel Yardımcı ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Bourdieu, Pierre (2021). Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi. Çev. Derya Fırat. Ankara: Nika.
- Byrne, David (2021). Müzik Nasıl İşler?. Çev. Ergin Özler. İstanbul: MSG Mundi Kitap.
- Chodos, Ashler Tobin (2019). “What does music mean to Spotify? An essay on musical significance in the era of digital curation”, INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology, INSAM Institut za savremenu umjetničku muziku, 2(1): 36–64.
- Couldry, Nicke ve Ulises Ali Mejias (2019). The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Çakmur, Barış (2001). Music Industry in Turkey: An Assessment in The Context Of Political Economy of Cultural Production [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
- Eubanks, Virginia (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Gaw, Fatima (2021). “Algorithmic Logics And The Construction Of Cultural Taste Of The Netflix Recommender System”, Media, Culture & Society, 44(4), 706–725. https://Doi.Org/10.1177/01634437211053767
- Gee, James Paul (2005). “Semiotic social spaces and affinity spaces: From the age of mythology to today's schools”, Beyond Communities of Practice: Language, Power and Social Context. David Barton ve Karin Tusting (der.) içinde. Londra: Cambridge University Press. 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610554.012
- Gillespie, Tarleton (2014). “The Relevance of Algorithms”, Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo J. Boczkowski, and Kirsten A. Foot (der.) içinde. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 167-193.
- Graham, Gary, Bernard Burnes, Gerard Lewis ve Janet Langer (2004). “The Transformation Of The Music Industry Supply Chain: A Major Label Perspective”, International Journal Of Operations And Production Management, 24(11): 1087–1103. https://Doi.Org/10.1108/01443570410563241
- Hracs, Brian (2015). “Cultural intermediaries in the digital age: The case of independent musicians and managers in Toronto”, Regional Studies, 49(3), 461-475.
- Hracs, Brian (2016). “Working harder and working smarter: The survival strategies of contemporary independent musicians”, The Production and Consumption of Music in the Digital Age. Brian J. Hracs, Michael Seman, Tarek E. Virani (der.) içinde. Londra: Routledge. 41-55.
- Johnson, Randal (2023). Sunuş, “Pierre Bourdieu’nün Sanat, Edebiyat ve Kültür Sosyolojisi”, Pierre Bourdieu, Kültür Üretimi: Sembolik Ürünler Sembolik Sermaye içinde. Çev. Sibel Yardımcı ve Elçin Gen. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. 7-50.
- Kitchin, Rob (2017). “Thinking critically about and researching algorithms”, Information, Communication & Society, 20(1): 14–29.
- Krueger, Alan B. (2020). Müzikonomi. Çev. Ergin Özler. İstanbul: Mundi Kitap.
- Lange, Bastian (2016). “The Evolution of Music Tastemakers in the Digital Age”, The Production and Consumption of Music in the Digital Age. Brian J. Hracs, Michael Seman, Tarek E. Virani (der.) içinde. Londra: Routledge. 237-247.
- Lena, Funda (2018). Türkiye’nin Müzik Endüstrisinde Çeşitli(Siz)Lik. İstanbul: Kreksa Kültür Yayınları.
- Leyshon, Andrew (2001). “Time–Space (and Digital) Compression: Software Formats, Musical Networks, and the Reorganisation of the Music Industry”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 33(1): 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3360
- Maasø, Arnt ve Hendrik Storstein Spilker (2022). “The Streaming Paradox: Untangling the Hybrid Gatekeeping Mechanisms of Music Streaming”, Popular Music and Society, 45(3): 300-316. DOI: 10.1080/03007766.2022.2026923
- Maguire, Jennifer Smith ve Julian Matthews (2014). “Bourdieu on cultural intermediaries”, The Cultural Intermediaries Reader. Jennifer Smith Maguire ve Julian Matthews (der.) içinde. Londra: Sage. 15-24.Morris,
- Jeremy Wade (2015). “Curation by code: Infomediaries and the data mining of taste”, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18 (4–5): 446–463.
- Morris, Jeremy Wade ve Devon Powers (2015) “Control, curation and musical experience in streaming music services”, Creative Industries Journal, 8(2): 106-122. DOI: 10.1080/17510694.2015.1090222
- Moyon, Emillien ve Xavier Lecocq (2014). “Rethinking Business Models in Creative Industries: The Case of the French Record Industry”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 44(4): 83-101. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMO0020-8825440405
- Negus, Keith (2002). “The work of cultural intermediaries and the enduring distance between production and consumption”, Cultural Studies, 16(4): 501-515.
- Noble, Safiya Uma (2018). Algorithms of Oppression. New York: New York University Press.
- Osterwalder, Alexander ve Yves Pigneur (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
- Pariser, Eli (2012). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Londra: Penguin.
- Poell, Thomas, vd. (2022). Platforms and Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Prey, Robert (2020). “Locating Power in Platformization: Music Streaming Playlists and Curatorial Power”,
Social Media + Society, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120933291
- Prey, Robert, vd. (2022). “Platform Pop: Disentangling Spotify’s intermediary role in the music industry”, Information, Communication & Society, (25)1: 74-92.
- Richards, John (2013). “Beyond DIY in Electronic Music”, Organised Sound, 18(3): 274-281. DOI:10.1017/S1355771813000241
- Srnicek, Nick (2017). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Striphas, Ted (2015). “Algorithmic Culture”, European Journal of Cultural Studies,18(4-5): 395-412.
- Sun, Meicheng (2020). “K-pop fan labor and an alternative creative industry: A case of GOT7 Chinese fans”, Global Media & China, 5(4): 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436420954588
- Tellan, Tolga (2000). “Popüler Müziğin Ekonomisi Ya Da Çok Ulusluların Bizleştirdikleri”, ...Ve Müzik: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Araştırma Ve Yorum Dergisi, 6(1), 58-64.
- Uluslararası Fonografi Endüstrisi Federasyonu (2022). Global Music Report. https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IFPI_Global_Music_Report_2022-State_of_the_Industry.pdf
- Uluslararası Fonografi Endüstrisi Federasyonu (2016). Global Music Report, Music Consumption Exploding Worldwide, State of Industry Overview. https://ifpicr.cz/ifpi-global-music-report-201
- Webster, Jack (2021). “The promise of personalisation: Exploring how music streaming platforms are shaping the performance of class identities and distinction”, New Media & Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211027863
- Witt, Stephen Richard (2020). Bedava Müzik. Çev. Ergin Özler. İstanbul: Mundi Kitap.