Effects of Levamisole Application on Immunity System in Anthrax-Vaccinated Cattle

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 348 - 354, 30.09.2022

Ertan Doğan

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1082258

Abstract

The present study investigated the effect of levamisole administration on the immune system of anthrax-vaccinated cattle. Totally, 40 healthy cattle were employed in the study. Cattle were divided into 4 even groups. In the control group, saline was subcutaneously injected four times as a placebo, every three days, and one dose was administered on the 10th day. In the second group (vaccine group), anthrax vaccine was administered subcutaneously on the 10th day following the administration of physiological saline three times every three days. The 3rd group (vaccine-levamisole) was subcutaneously administered levamisole at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg three times with three-day intervals and on the following 10th day, anthrax vaccine was administered. The 4th group (levamisole) was subcutaneously administered levamisole at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg three times with three-day intervals and physiological saline was subcutaneously injected on the following 10th day. After vaccination neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes count, and the serum IgG amount of the vaccine-levamisole group were found to increase significantly (p<0.05) compared to the vaccine-only group. It was concluded that subcutaneously administered levamisole at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg three times with three-day intervals before administrating the anthrax vaccine to cattle, had a stimulating effect on the immune system.

Keywords

Cattle, anthrax vaccine, levamisole, immune system

Supporting Institution

University of Ardahan

Project Number

2020-003

Thanks

I would like to thank Ardahan University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship.

Levamizol Uygulanmasının Şarbon Hastalığına Karşı Aşılanmış Sığırlarda Bağışıklık Sistemi Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu araştırmada şarbon hastalığına karşı aşılanan sığırlarda levamizol uygulamasının bağışıklık sistemi üzerine olan etkisi araştırıldı. Araştırmada toplam 40 adet sağlıklı sığır kullanıldı. Sığırlar dört eşit gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubuna üçer gün arayla ve bir dozu da 10. gün olmak üzere plasebo olarak serum fizyolojik dört defa deri altına enjekte edildi. İkinci gruba (aşı grubu) üçer gün arayla üç kez serum fizyolojik sonrası 10. gün şarbon aşısı deri altı, üçüncü gruba (aşı-levamizol) üçer gün arayla üç kez levamizol çözeltisinden 2,5 mg/kg dozda deri altı ve sonrası 10. gün şarbon aşısı deri altı, dördüncü gruba (levamizol) ise üçer gün arayla üç defa levamizol 2,5 mg/kg dozda deri altı ve sonrası 10. günde serum fizyolojik deri altına enjekte edildi. Aşılama sonrası aşı-levamizol grubunda nötrofil, lenfosit, monosit ve serum İgG miktarının sadece aşı uygulanan gruba göre anlamlı düzeyde (p<0,05) arttığı görüldü. Sığırlara şarbon aşısı uygulanmadan önce üçer gün ara ile üç kez 2,5 mg/kg dozda deri altı verilen levamizolün bağışıklık sistemi üzerine uyarıcı etki gösterdiği sonucuna varıldı.

Keywords

Sığır, şarbon aşısı, levamizol, bağışıklık sistemi

Project Number

2020-003

References

• Abdullah KM, Başbuğan Y. The Effect of Used Immunostimulating Drugs with FMD Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. Van Veterinary Journal, 2020; 31(1):15–21.
• Arda M. İmmunglobulin Sınfları, Altsınıfları ve Özellikleri, In: İmmunoloji, Ed; Arda M, Minbay A, Aydın N, Akay Ö, İzgür M, Diker KS, 1.Baskı, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara-Türkiye. 1994; pp. 53–59.
• Aydın S. A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA. Peptides, 2015; 72(1): 4–15.
• Baydan E. İmmünodepresant ve i̇munosti̇mulantlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 1995; 42(1): 45–56.
• Bilandžić N, Mitak M, Simic B. Levamisole increases leukocyte count and immunoglobulin levels in young boars. Slovenian Veterinary Research, 2010; 47(1): 13–19.
• Das M, Isore DP, Joardar SN, Samanta I, Mukhopadhayay SK. Immunomodulatory effect of levamisole on PPR vaccine in goats and change in haematological profile. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2016; 50(3): 411–414.
• Dettwiler M, Mehinagic K, Gobeli Brawand S, Thomann A, Feyer S, Hüsser L, Theubet G, Gigandet J, Rottenberg S, Posthaus H. Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bovine abortion – A necropsy case requiring special biosafety measures. Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde, 2018; 160(9): 547–552.
• Gobeli Brawand S, Kittl S, Dettwiler M, Thomann A, Feyer S, Cachim J, Theubet G, Liechti N, Wittwer M, Schürch N, Oberhänsli S, Heinimann A, Jores J. An unusual case of bovine anthrax in the canton of Jura, Switzerland in 2017. BMC Veterinary Research, 2019; 15(1): 265.
• Gürbulak K, Kılıçarslan MR. Gebe İneklerde Levamizol Uygulamalarının Doğum Sonu Mastitis, Metritis ve Fötal Ölümler Üzerine Etkisi. İstanbul Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2004; 30(1): 35–46.
• Hanna PC, Kruskal BA, Ezekowitz RA, Bloom BR, Collier RJ. Role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin. Molecular Medicine, 1994; 1(1): 7–18.
• Ishikawa H, Shimizu T, Hirano H, Saito N, Nakano T. Protein Composition of Whey from Subclinical Mastitis and Effect of Treatment with Levamisole. Journal of Dairy Science, 1982; 65(4): 653–658.
• Ismail M, Mehmood MD, Anwar H, Noreen S, Qazi A, Ghani MU, Gul M. Dosage regimen associated immuno modulatory effect of levamisole on humoral response of broilers against inactivated avian influenza virus H7N3 adjuvanted vaccines. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 2018; 10(11): 250–255.
• Kızıltepe Ş. Gebeliğin son döneminde koyunlara uygulanan levamizolün geçiş dönemindeki immun ve metabolik değerler ile kuzularındaki pasif immuniteye olan etkileri. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Kars, 2018.
• Lewerin SS, Elvander M, Westermark T, Hartzell LN, Norström AK, Ehrs S, Knutsson R, Englund S, Andersson AC, Granberg M, Bäckman S, Wikström P, Sandstedt K. Anthrax outbreak in a Swedish beef cattle herd - 1st case in 27 years: Case report. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2010; 52(7):1–8.
• Mohri M, Seifi HA, Zamani Sani SH. Effects of oral administration of levamisole on non-specific immunity, serum proteins and health in normal colostrum-fed neonatal dairy calves. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2005; 13(3):132–136.
• Mojžišová J, Hromada R, Paulík Š, Ondrašovič M, Bajová V. Immune response and immunomodulatory effect of levamisole in immunosuppressed dogs vaccinated against parvovirosis. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 2004; 48(2): 93–97.
• Pancarcı ŞM, Gürbulak K, Oral H, Karapehlivan M, Tunca R, Çolak A. İneklerde Levamizol ile İmmunomodulatör Tedavinin Uterus Yangısı ve İnvolüsyonu, Serum Sialik Asit Düzeyleri ve Ovaryum Fonksiyonu Üzerine Etkileri. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2009; 15(1): 25–33.
• Parlak E, Parlak M, Atli SB. Unusual cause of fatal anthrax meningitis. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2015; 34(1): 77–79.
• Qureshi ZI, Lodhi LA, Jamil H, Nawaz M. Effect of levamisole hydrochloride on serum and colostral antibody titres against foot and mouth disease virus in vaccinated buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Veterinarski Arhiv, 2000; 70(2): 59–66.
• Rahman M, Awal M, Bari A, Begum S, Ahad M, Islam M. Effects of Levamisole Hydrochloride on Hematological Parameters in Immunized Rabbits. Bangladesh Vet J, 2002; 36: (1–2) 19–21.
• Rao Dabbir BK, Nanjundaiah KS. Enhancement of Immunity of Sheep Pox Vaccinations With Levamisole and Bioplex. Journal of Bio Innovation, 2020; 9(4): 550–556.
• Rao TKS, Mohanty TK, Bhakat M. Levamisole as an immunomodulator to ameliorate vaccination stress in crossbred bulls. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2017; 87(7): 840–843.
• Rashid BM, Yüksek N. The effects of immunostimulants (zinc, levamisole, vitamin AD3E) use together with enterotoxemia vaccine on immunoglobulins in sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 2019; 3(2): 57–65.
• Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Muhammad G, Iqbal MU. Immunomodulatory effect of various anti-parasitics: A review. Parasitology, 2006; 132(3): 301–313.
• Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Atwa S, Younis EE, Zeidan S. Effect of Levamisol and Vitamine E/ Selenium on Bovine Cellular and Humeral Immunity after Bovine Viral Diarrhea Vaccination. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research, 2015; 2(1): 00025.
• Sharma LK, Jagadish S, Mulbagal AN. Effects of haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccination and levamisole administration on the humoral response in cross‐bred calves. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1990; 13(1): 23–28.
• Siwicki AK, Cossarini-Dunier M. Effect of levamisole on the lymphocyte and macrophage activity in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Annales de Recherches Veterinaires, 1990; 21(2): 95–100.
• Stelletta C, Cuteri V, Bonizzi L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Orsi F, Nisoli L, Lulla D, Morgante M. Effect of levamisole administration on bluetongue vaccination in sheep. Veterinaria Italiana, 2004; 40(4): 635–639.
• Suchitra BR, Anil Kumar MC, Kalmath GP, Prakash L. Outbreak of Anthrax and its management in Bangalore rural district. Veterinary World, 2010; 3(3): 135–136.
• Undiandeye UJ, Oderinde BS, El-Yuguda A, Baba SS. Immunostimulatory Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Goats to Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) Vaccination. World Journal of Vaccines, 2014; 4(2): 88–95.
• Van Der Maaten MJ, Schmerr MJF, Miller JM, Sacks JM. Levamisole does not affect the virological and serological responses of bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle and sheep. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 1983; 47(4): 474–479.
• Yaman K. Fizyoloji. Ezgi Kitabevi 5. Baskı, Bursa-Türkiye. 2016; pp.57-74.
• Yarım G, Salmanoğlu B. Subklinik mastitisli süt ineklerinde meme içi levamizol uygulanmasında süt ve kanda glutasyon peroksidaz, süperoksit dismutaz, alkalen fosfataz ve immunoglobulin G Düzeyleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2002; 49(2): 89–94.