ALTIN CEVHERLERİNİN KARAKTERİZASYONUNDA KULLANILAN MİKRO ANALİTİK YÖNTEMLER

Year 2018, Volume: 57 Issue: 4, 281 - 298, 01.12.2018

Oktay Celep Ahmet Deniz Baş Ersin Yener Yazıcı , Hacı Deveci

https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.479520

Abstract

Mikro analitik teknikler, cevher karakterizasyon çalışmalarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır.

Altın cevherlerinin, özellikle refrakter altın cevherlerinin karakterizasyonunda da etkin bir şekilde

kullanılan bu teknikler, doğruluk ve hassasiyeti yüksek oldukça faydalı bilgiler sunmaktadır. Cevher

hakkındaki bu bilgiler doğru proses seçiminin yapılmasına ya da mevcut prosesin etkin bir şekilde

kontrol edilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, altın cevherlerinin karakterizasyonunda,

mikroskobik (visible) altının belirlenmesinde kullanılan (QEMSCAN) (Quantitative Evaluation

of Mineralogy by Scanning Electron Microscope), MLA (Mineral Liberation Analyzer) gibi SEM

(Scanning Electron Microscopy) temelli geliştirilmiş modern otomatik analiz yöntemlerinin yanı

sıra refrakter altın cevherlerinde mikroskop altında kolayca görülemeyen, çok ince ‘invisible’

altının belirlenmesinde kullanılan EPMA (Electron-Probe Micro-Analysis), μ-PIXE (Microparticle-

induced X-ray emission) ve SIMS (Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry) gibi yaygın

olarak kullanılan mikro analitik yöntemler tanıtılmakta ve yapılan güncel çalışmalardan örnekler

sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

Altın cevherleri, Mikro-analiz, QEMSCAN, MLA, EPMA, PIXE, SIMS

References

• Adams, M., 2016. Gold Ore Processing: Project Development and Operations. 2nd Ed. Elsevier.
• Adams, M.D., Burger, A.M., 1998a. Characterization of Carbonaceous Pregrobbers and Abraded Carbon in Gold Residues. In: CIM Montréal’98. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal, pp 8.
• Adams, M.D., Burger, A.M., 1998b. Characterization and Blinding of Carbonaceous Preg- robbers in Gold Ores. Miner. Eng. 11 (10), 919-927.
• Adams, M.D., Swaney, S.J., Friedl, J., Wagner, F.E., 1996. Preg-robbing Minerals in Gold Ore and Residues. In: Hidden Wealth. SAIMM, Johannesburg, 163-172.
• Agangi, A., Przybyłowicz, W., Hofmann, A., 2015. Trace Element Mapping of Pyrite from Archean Gold Deposits – A Comparison between PIXE and EPMA. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 348, 302–306.
• Andersen, J.C.Ø., Rollinson, G.K., Snook, B., Herrington, R.,Fairhurst, R.J., 2009. Use of QEMSCAN for the Characterization of Nirich and Ni-poor Goethite in Laterite Ores. Minerals Engineering, 22, 1119-1129.
• Andrews, L., 2007. The Use of Electron Microbeam Techniques in Metallurgical Analysis, SAIMM, 107, 79-82.
• Ashley, P.M., Creagh, C.,J., Ryan, C., 2000. Invisible Gold in Ore and Mineral Concentrates from the Hillgrove Gold-Antimony Deposits, NSW, Australia. Mineralium Deposita. 35, 285-301.
• Boyle, R.W., 1979. The Geochemistry of Gold and Its Deposits.Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 280.
• Cabri, L.J., 1987. The Mineralogy of Precious Metals: New Development sand Metallurgical Implication, Canadian Mineralogist, 25, 1-7.
• Cabri, L.J., Campbell, J.L., 1998. The Proton Microprobe in Ore Mineralogy (Micro-PIXE Technique), In Modern Approaches to Ore and Environmental Mineralogy, Eds. L.J. Cabri, And D.J. Vaughan, Mineral. Assoc. Can., Short Course, 27, 181-198.
• Cabri, L.J., Chryssoulis, S.L., Campbell, J.L., Teesdale, W.J., 1991. Comparison of in-situ Gold Analyses in Arsenian Pyrite. Applied Geochemistry, 6, 225-230.
• Cabri, L.J., Chryssoulis, S.L., De Villiers, J.P.R., Gilles Laflamme, J.H., Buseck, P.R. 1989. The Nature of “Invisible” Gold in Arsenopyrite, Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 353-362.
• Cabri, L.J., Jackson, S.E., 2011. New Developments in Characerization of Sulphide Refractory Gold Ores. In Proceedings of World Gold 2011, Organized By Metsoc, 51- 62.
• Cabri, L.J., Mcmahon, G., 1995. SIMS Analysis of Sulfide Minerals for Pt and Au: Methodology and Relative Sensitivity Factors (RSF). The Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 349- 359.
• Cabri, L.J., Newville, M., Gordon, R.A., Crozier, E.D., Sutton, S.R., Mcmahon, G., Jiang, D-T., 2000. Chemical Speciation of Gold in Arsenopyrite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1265-1281.
• Can, N.M., Çelik, İ.B., 2009. Proses Mineralojisi: Cevher Hazırlamadaki Önemi, Ölçüm Yöntem ve Araçları-Bölüm 1, Madencilik Dergisi, 48, 43-53.
• Celep, O., 2011. Refakter Cevherlerden Siyanür Liçiyle Altın ve Gümüş Kazanımında Alkali Ön İşlemlerin Uygulanması, Doktora Tezi, KTU Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, S.167.
• Celep, O., 2015. Altın Cevherlerinin Zenginleştirilmesi (Processing of Gold Ores), Türkiye Alim Kitapları, IstEin Imprint Der, Deutschland/Almanya, ISBN 13 9783639672138, P.221.
• Celep, O., Alp İ., Deveci, H., 2011. Improved Gold and Silver Extraction from a Refractory Antimony Ore by Pre-treatment with Alkaline Sulphide Leach, Hydrometallurgy, 105, 3-4, 234-239.
• Celep, O., Alp, İ., Deveci, H., Vıcıl, M., 2008. The Effect of Mineralogical Structure on the Cyanidation of Gold Ores, Geosound, 52, 43-53.
• Celep, O., Alp, İ., Deveci, H., Vıcıl, M., 2009. Characterization of Refractory Behaviour of a Complex Gold/Silver Ore by Diagnostic Leaching, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19, 707-713.
• Celep, O., Alp, İ., Paktunç, D., Thibault, Y., 2011. Implementation of Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment for Refractory Antimonial Gold and Silver Ores, Hydrometallurgy, 108, (1-2), 109-114.
• Celep, O., Serbest, V., 2015. Characterization of an Iron Oxy/Hydroxide (Gossan Type) Bearing Refractory Gold and Silver Ore by Diagnostic Leaching. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25 (4), 1286-1297.
• Chen, T.T., Cabri, L.J., Dutrizac, J.E., 2002. Characterizing Gold in Refractory Sulfide Gold Ores and Residues, JOM, 54, 12, 20- 22.
• Chryssoulis, S., Dunne, R., Coetzee, A., 2004. Diagnostic Microbeam Technology In Gold Ore Processing, JOM, 56, 7, 53-57.
• Chryssoulis, S.L., 1997. Gold “Pregrobbing” by Pyrite: Natural and Process Induced. In: Austin, J. (Ed.), Proceedings of 29th CMP, Ottawa. CIM, Montreal, 1-12.
• Chryssoulis, S.L., Cabri, L.J., 1990. Significance of Gold Mineralogical Balances in Mineral Processing. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall, Sec. C: Mineral Process. Extr. Metall., 99, C1-C10.
• Chryssoulis, S.L., Cabri, L.J., Salter, R.S., 1987. Direct Determination of Invisible Gold in Refractory Sulfide Ores. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Gold Metallurgy, New York: Pergamon Press. 235-244.
• Chryssoulis, S.L., Grammatikopoulos, T.A., 2003. Forms of Gold. In: Eliopoulos D.G. et al., Mineral exploration and sustainable development, Millpress, 961-964.
• Chryssoulis, S.L., Mcmullen, J., 2016. Mineralogical Investigation of Gold Ores, Chapter 5, In Gold Ore Processing-Project Development and Operations, Ed. Mike Adams, Elsevier, 57-93.
• Coetzee, L.L., Theron, S.J., Martin, G.J., Van Der Merwe, J.D., Stanek, T.A., 2011. Modern Gold Deportments and Its Application to Industry Minerals Engineering, 24, 565–575.
• Cook, N.J., Chryssoulis, S.L., 1990. Concentrations of ‘Invisible’ Gold in Common Sulfides. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28 (1), 1-16.
• Cousens, D.R., Rasch, R., Ryan, C.G., 1997. Detection Limits and Accuracy of the Electron and Proton Microprobe. Micron, 28, 231-239.
• Fandrich, R., Gu, Y., Burrows, D., Moeller, K., 2007. Modern SEM-Based Mineral Liberation Analysis. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 84, 310-320.
• Fleming, C.A., 1992. Hydrometallurgy of Precious Metals Recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 30, 1-3, 127-162.
• Foya, S.N., Reimold, W.U., Przybylowicz, W.J., Gibson, R.L., 1999. PIXE Microanalysis of Gold-Pyrite Associations from the Kimberley Reefs, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, Nuclear Instruments and Methods In Physics Research B, 158, 588-592
• Gasparrini, C., 1983. The Mineralogy of Gold and Its Significance in Metal Extraction. Canadian Mining & Metallurgical Bulletin, 76, 144-153.
• Genkin, A.D., Bortnikov, N.S., Cabri, L.J., Wagner, F.E., Stanley, C.J., Safonov, Y.G., Mcmahon, G., Friedl, J., Kerzin, A.L., Gamyanin, G.N., 1998. A Multidisciplinary Study of Invisible Gold In Arsenopyrite From Four Mesothermal Gold Deposits In Siberia, Russian Federation, Economic Geology, 93, 463-487.
• Goodall, W. R., 2008. Characterisation of Mineralogy and Gold Deportment for Complex Tailings Deposits Using QEMSCAN, Minerals Engineering, 21, 518–523
• Goodall, W.R, Scales, P.J, Ryan, C.G., 2005a. Applications of PIXE and Diagnostic Leaching In The Characterisation of Complex Gold Ores, Minerals Engineering, 18, 1010- 1019.
• Goodall, W.R, Scales, P.J., Butcher, A.R., 2005b. The Use of QEMSCAN and Diagnostic Leaching In the Characterisation of Visible Gold in Complex Ores, Minerals Engineering, 18, 877-886.
• Goodall, W.R., 2005. The Economic Recovery of Gold from Complex Ores, Doktora Tezi, Melboure Üniversitesi, Avustralya, p.288.
• Goodall, W.R., Butcher, A.R., 2012. The Use of QEMSCAN in Practical Gold Deportment Studies”, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. C), 121, 199-204.
• Goodall, W.R., Scales, P.J., 2007. An Overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Determination of Gold Mineralogy by Automated Mineralogy, Minerals Engineering, 20 (5), 506-517.
• Halden, N.M., Campbell, J.L., Teesdale, W.J., 1995. PIXE Analysis in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. The Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 293-302.
• Harris, D.C., 1990. The Mineralogy of Gold and Its Relevance to Gold Recoveries, Mineral Deposita, 25, 3-7.
• Hausen, D.M., 2000, Characterizing the Textural Features of Gold Ores for Optimizing Gold Extraction, JOM, April, 14-16.
• Haycock, 1937.The Role of the Microscope in the Studyof Gold Ores, Transactions, Volume XL, 1937, 405-414.
• Healy, R.E., Petruk, W., 1990. Petrology of Au-Ag-Hg Alloy and Invisible Gold in the Trout Lake Massive Sulfide Deposit, FlinFlon, Manitoba. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 189-206.
• Henley, K., 1992. A review of Recent Developments in the Process Mineralogy of Gold.Extractive Metallurgy of Gold and Base Metals.Kalgoorlie, AusIMM.
• Hervig, R.L., Mazdab, F.K., Danielson, L., Sharp, T.G., Hamed, A., Willams, P., 2004. SIMS Microanalysis for Au in Silicates. American Mineralogist, 89, 498-504.
• Jones, K.W., Berry, W.J., Borsay, D.J., Cline, H.T., Conner, W.C., Fullmer, C.S., 1997. Applications of Synchrotron Radiation- Induced X-Ray Emission (SRIXE), X-Ray Spectrometry, 26 (6), 350-358.
• Jones, M.P., J. Gavrilovic. 1968. Automatic Searching Unit for the Quantitative location of Rare Phases by Electron Microprobe X-Ray Microanalysis. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 77, B137–B143.
• Komnitsas, C., Pooley, F.D., 1989. Mineralogical Characteristics and Treatment of Refractory Gold Ores, Minerals Engineering, 2 (4), 449-457.
• Kossowsky, R. 1983. Designing an Analytical Microscopy Laboratory. Journal of Metals, 35 (3), 47-54.
• La Brooy, S.R., Linge, H.G., Walker, G.S., 1994. Review of Gold Extraction from Ores, Mineral Engineering, 7 (10), 1213-1241.
• Lane, G.R., Martin, C., Pirar, E., 2008. Techniques and Applications for Predictive Metallurgy and Ore Characterization Using Optical Image Analysis. Minerals Engineering, 21, 568-577.
• Lastra, R., 2007. Seven Practical Application Cases of Liberation Analysis. Int. J. Miner. Process., 84, 337-347.
• Latti, D., Doyle, J., Adair, B.J.I., 2001. A QEM*SEM Study of A Suite of Pressure Leach Products from A Gold Circuit, Minerals Engineering, 14 (12), 1671-1678.
• Macrae, N.D., 1995. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy and Geology. The Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 219-236.
• Marsden, J.O., House, C.L., 2006. The Chemistry of Gold Extraction.Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
• Mcmahon, G., Cabri, L.J., 1998. The SIMS Technique in Ore Mineralogy. In: Modern Approaches to Ore and Environmental Mineralogy, Eds. L.J. Cabri, D.J. Vaughan, Mineral. Assoc. of Canada, Short Course, 27, 199-224.
• Mermillod-Blondin, R., Bouzahzah, H., Benzazoua, M., Marion, P., Valle, N., Mathieu, S., Cousin, P., 2011. Process Mineralogy of the Refractory Gold Part of the Lapa Ore Deposit, In Proceedings of World Gold 2011, Metsoc of CIM, 73-85.
• Nazari, A.M., Ghahreman, A., Bell, S., 2017. A Comparative Study of Gold Refractoriness by the Application of QEMSCAN and Diagnostic Leach Process, International Journal of Mineral Processing 169, 35–46.
• Newbury, D.E., 1986. Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy And X-Ray Microanalysis. Plenum Press, New York.
• Paktunç, D., 1996, Yerbilimlerinde Mikroanalitik Yöntemler, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 46, 41-49.
• Paktunç, D., Kingston, D., Pratt, A., 2006. Distribution of Gold in Pyrite and In Products of Its Transformation Resulting from Roasting of Refractory Gold Ore. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44, 213-227.
• Petruk, W., 2000. Applied Mineralogy in the Mining Industry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 268 S. Prasad, M.S., Mensah-Biney, R., Pizarro, R.S., 1991. Modern Trends in Gold Processing - Overview. Minerals Engineering, 4 (12), 1257-1277.
• Pratt, A., Duke, N., 2003. Characterizing The Distribution of Gold In Pyritic Sulfide Ore, JOM, 55 (4), 51-54.
• Pyke, B.L., Johnston, R.F., Brooks, P., 1999. Characterisation and behaviour of carbonaceous material in a refractory gold bearing ore, Minerals Engineering, 12 (8), 851-862.
• Reed, S.J.B. 2005. Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy In Geology, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, New York, Melbourne, 232 S.
• Reed, S.J.B., 1990. Recent Developments in Geochemical Microanalysis, Chemical Geology, 83 (1-2), 1-9.
• Spry, P.G., Chryssoulis, S., Ryan, C.G., 2004. Process Mineralogy of Gold: Gold from Telluride-Bearing Ores, JOM, 60-63.
• Steele, I.M., Cabri, L.J., Gaspar, J.C., Mcmahon, G., Marquez, M.A., Vasconcellos, M.A.Z., 2000. Comparative Analysis of Sulfides for Gold Using SXRF and SIMS. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1-10.
• Sutherland, D., Gottlieb, P., 1991. Application of Automated Quantitative Mineralogy in Mineral Processing.Minerals Engineering, 4 (7-11), 753-762.
• Tanaka, M., Takeguchi, M., Furuya, K., 2008. X-Ray Analysis and Mapping by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy in an Electron Microscope, Ultramicroscopy, 108, 1427-1431.
• Vaughan, J.P., 2004. The Process Mineralogy of Gold: The Classification of Ore Types, JOM, 56 (7), 46-48.
• Venter, D., Chryssoulis, S.L., Mulpeter, T., 2004. Using Mineralogy to Optimize Gold Recovery by Direct Cyanidation, August, JOM, 53-56.
• Zhou, J., Gu, Y. 2016. Geometallurgical Characterization and Automated Mineralogy of Gold Ores, Chapter 6, In Gold Ore Processing-Project Development and Operations, Edited By Mike Adams, Elsevier, 95-110.
• Zhou, J., Jago, B., Martin, C., 2004. Establishing the Process Mineralogy of Gold Ores, SGS Mineral, Lakefield Research Limited, 2004-03.
• Zhou, J.Y., Cabri, L.J., 2004. Gold Process Mineralogy: Objectives, Techniques, and Applications, JOM, 56 (7), 49-52.