Schmallenberg Virus (SBV)

Year 2013, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 106 - 116, 02.02.2014

Hasbi Sait Saltık , Mehmet Kale , Sibel Hasırcıoğlu Sibel Yavru

Abstract

In November 2011, near the town of Schmallenberg in Germany, identified a novel Orthobunyavirus which caused fever, diarrhea and decreased milk production, isolated from plasma samples of affected animals. This novel species was named as Schmallenberg virus (SBV) after the place where the first positive samples were collected. Some members of Bunyaviridae family (CrimeanCongo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Sin Nombre Virus and Sandfly Fever Naples Virus) are zoonotic that severely threating public health. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct detailed research on SBV. It is suggested that SBV which is derived from Shamonda and Sathuperi viruses is the first known outbreak caused by a Simbu serogroup member in Europe. In the review, it is aimed to give shortly information about a novel virus species as called SBV which is responsible for abortion cases in cattle, sheep and goats in Europe

Keywords

Bunyaviridae, review, Orthobunyavirus, Schmallenberg Virus

Schmallenberg Virus (SBV)

Abstract

Kasım 2011‟de Almanya‟nın Schmallenberg kasabası yakınlarında ateĢli, ishal ve süt verimi azalan sığırlardan elde edilen plazma örneklerinde yeni bir Orthobunyavirus varlığı tespit edilmiĢtir. Bu yeni virus pozitif örneklerden izole edildikten sonra Schmallenberg Virus (SBV) olarak isimlendirilmiĢtir. Bunyaviridae ailesi üyelerinden olan bazı viruslar (Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Sin Nombre Virus ve Sandfly Fever Naples Virus) zoonoz olup, halk sağlığını önemli derecede etkilemektedir. Bu yüzden, SBV‟nin üzerinde detaylı araĢtırmalar yapılmasına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. SBV‟unun, Avrupa‟da bir Simbu serogrup üyesinin neden olduğu bilinen ilk salgın olup, Shamonda ve Sathuperi viruslarından köken aldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, Avrupa ülkelerinde sığır, koyun ve keçilerde abort vakalarından sorumlu olduğu düĢünülen bu yeni virus türünün neden olduğu SBV enfeksiyonu hakkında kısa bir bilgilendirme yapılması amaçlandı.

Keywords

Bunyaviridae, derleme, Orthobunyavirus, Schmallenberg Virus

References

• 1. Ackermann HW, Berthiaume L, Tremblay M. 1998. Virus Life in Diagrams. Washington DC. CRC Press LLC, 164-167.
• 2. Anonim2012a.http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/public ations/Publications/Forms/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?ID =795,http://www.rki.de/EN/Content/Prevention/Schm allenberg/Schmallenberg_gesamt.html. (EriĢim tarihi: 20.01.2013).
• 3. Anonim2012b.“Schmallenberg" virus: Analysis of the epidemiological data and assessment of impact, EFSA Journal 10, 2768.
• 4. Anonim2012c.Scenarios for the future spread of Schmallenberg virus. Emerging Diseases News & Reports. Vet. Rec. 170, 245–246.
• 5. Anonim2012d.http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/ Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/A_Schm allenberg_virus.pdf (EriĢim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
• 6. Anonim2012e. Schmallenberg" virus:likely epidemiological scenarios and data needs. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Supporting Publications, EN-241.
• 7. Anonim2013a.http://www.fli.bund.de/filead min/dam_uploads/tierseuchen/Schmallenberg_Virus/1 30131_Factsheet_on_Schmallenberg-Virus_engl.pdf (EriĢim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
• 8. Anonim2013b.http://www.idvet.com/English/elisa_diagnostic_kit/ruminants/sbv_g b.htm. (EriĢim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
• 9. Bayrou C, Garigliany MM, Kleijnen D. personal communication. Congenital morphologic alterations in a series of Schmallenberg virus-positive calves, submitted for publication.
• 10. Beer M, Conraths FJ, Van der Poel WHM. 2013. “Schmallenberg virus”- A Novel Orthobunyavirus Emerging in Europe. Epidemiol. Infect. 141, 1-8.
• 11. Bilk S, Schulze C, Fischer M, et al. 2012. Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns. Vet. Mic. 159, 236-238.
• 12. Elbers ARW, Loeffen WLA, Quak S, et al. 2012. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg Virus antibodies among dairy cattle, the Netherlands, Winter 2011–2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1065-1071.
• 13. Elliott RM. 2006. Bunyaviruses. Acheson NH, ed, Fundamentals of Molecular Virology. John Wiley and Sons, 238-247.
• 14. Garigliany MM, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, et al. 2012a. Schmallenberg virus: A new Shamonda/Sathuperi-like virus on the rise in Europe. Antivir. Res. 95, 82-87.
• 15. Gariglinany MM, Hoffmann B, Dive M, et al. 2012b. Schmallenberg virus in calf born at term withporencephaly, Belgium (letter). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1005–1006.
• 16. Goller KV, Höper D, Schirrmeier H, et al. 2012. Schmallenberg Virus as Possible Ancestor of Shamonda Virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1644-1646.
• 17. Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Höper D, et. al. 2012. Novel Orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 469-472.
• 18. Ikegami T, Makino S. 2009. Rift Valley fever vaccines. Vaccine 27, 69–72.
• 19. Jack C, Anstaett O, Adams J, et al. 2012.Evidence of seroconversion to SBV in camelids. Vet. Rec. 170, 603.
• 20. Kamata H, Inai K, Maeda K, et al. 2009. Encephalomyelitis of Cattle Caused by Akabane Virus in Southern Japan in 2006. J. Comp. Path. 140, 187- 193.
• 21. Kono R, Hirata M, Kaji M, et al. 2008. Bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus in southern Japan. BMC Vet. Res. 4, 20.
• 22. Lassen SB, Nielsen SA, Kristensen M. 2012. Identity and diversity of blood meal hosts of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides Latreille) in Denmark, Parasite. Vector. 5, 143.
• 23. Lehmann K, Werner D, Hoffmann B, et al. 2012. PCR identification of culicoid biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus complex including putative vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses. Parasit. Vectors 5, 213.
• 24. Muskens J, Smolenaars AJ, Van der Poel WH, et al. 2012. Diarrhea and loss of production on Dutch dairy farms caused by the Schmallenberg virus. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 137, 112-115.
• 25. Rasmussen LD, Kristensen B, Kirkeby C, et al. 2012. Culicoids as vectors of Schmallenberg Virus (letter). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1204-1206.
• 26. Regge ND, Berg VD, Cay AB, et al. 2012. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real-time RT-PCR. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 59, 471–475.
• 27. Regge ND, Berg TV, Georges L, et al. 2013. Diagnosis of Schmallenberg virus infection in malformed lambs and calves and first indications for virus clearance in the fetus. Vet. Microbiol., 162, 595-600.
• 28. Reusken C, Van den Wijngaard C, Van Beek P, et. al. 2012. Lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of Schmallenberg virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 11.
• 29. Saeed MF, Li L, Wang H, Weaver SC, et al. 2001. Phylogeny of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 2173–2181.
• 30. Schmaljohn C, Nichol S. 2007. Bunyaviridae. Knipe DM, Howley PM, ed, Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1741.
• 31. Tarlinton R, Daly J, Dunham S, et al. 2012. The challenge of Schmallenberg virus emergence in Europe. Vet. J. 194, 10–18.
• 32. Van den Brom R, Luttikholt SJ, LievaartPeterson K, et al. 2012. Epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with Schmallenberg virus infection. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 137, 106-111.
• 33. Varela M ,Schnettler E, Caporale M, et al. 2013. Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host. PloS Pathog. 9, e1003133.
• 34. Wernike K, Eschbaumer M, Breithaupt A, Hoffmann B, Beer M. 2012. Schmallenberg virus challenge models in cattle: infectious serum or culture-grown virus? Vet. Res. 43,84.
• 35. Yanase T, Kato T, Aizawa M, et al. 2012. Genetic reassortment between Sathuperi and Shamonda viruses of the genus Orthobunyavirus in nature: implications for their genetic relationship to Schmallenberg virus. Arch. Virol. 157, 1611-1616.
• 36. Yılmaz H, Hoffmann B, Turan N, et al. 2012. Türkiye‟de sığır ve koyunlarda Schmallenberg virusu‟nun saptanması ve varlığına ilgili ilk veriler. X. Ulusal Veteriner Hekimleri Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi Kitabı, 44.