Toll benzeri reseptörler

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 180 - 192, 25.12.2017

Mehmet Özbek , Mustafa Hitit , Emel Ergün , Feyzullah Beyaz , Levent Ergün

https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.335529

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Doğal bağışıklık polimorfnükleer lökosit, monosit,
makrofaj, eozinofil granülosit, mast hücresi ve bazofil granülüsit gibi
özelleşmiş hücrelerden ve moleküllerden meydana gelir. Mikrobiyal saldırılara karşı
bu hücrelerin bazıları fagositoz yaparak inflamatuvar yanıtı başlatırlar ve organizmanın
ilk koruma hattını oluştururlar. Organizmada, bu inflamatuvar yanıta,
kalıtımsal olarak aktarılan, patojen tanıyan reseptörlerin (PRR) uyarılması da
katkı verir. PRR’ler hem mikrobiyal patojenle ilişkili moleküler kalıpları
(PAMP) tanırlar, hem de doku hasarı ve nekrotik hücre ölümü gibi stres
faktörleri altında kalan organizmanın kendisi tarafından salgılanan maddelere
immun reaksiyon gösterirler. PRR’ler birçok alt tipe ayrılır, bunlar içerisinde
en iyi tanımlananlar Toll Benzeri Reseptörlerdir (Toll Like Receptors, TLR).
İnsanlarda 10 (TLR1–TLR10), farelerde ise 12 (TLR1–TLR9, TLR11–TLR13) farklı
TLR tanımlanmıştır. TLR’ler hücre yüzeyine veya endozom, lizozom, endolizozom gibi
hücre içi kompartımanlara lokalize olurlar. Bu moleküller makrofaj ve dendritik
hücreler gibi immun sistem hücrelerinin yanında fibroblast ve epitel hücreleri
gibi immun sistem dışındaki hücrelerde de eksprese edilebilir. TLR’ler
kendileriyle homodimer şeklinde veya koreseptörleri ve aksesuar molekülleriyle
heterodimer oluştururlar. Hücre yüzeyinde bulunan TLR’ler öncellikle lipid,
lipoprotein, protein gibi mikrobiyal membran bileşenlerini tanırlar. Buna
karşın hücre içindeki TLR’ler bakteri ve virüs orjinli nükleik asitleri
algılarlar. Ayrıca vücudun kendi nükleik asitlerini tanıyıp otoimmun
hastalıklara neden olabilirler.

TLR’ler organizmada hemen hemen bütün sistemlerde
immun sistem hücreleri ile birlikte diğer bazı hücrelerde ekspresyon gösterirler.
Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla, kanser ve otoimmun hastalıkların
patogenezinde TLR’lerin rolü olduğu gösterilmiştir. İlerleyen yıllarda bu
reseptörlere karşı kullanılan agonist veya antogonistlerin belirtilen
hastalıkların sağaltımında faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Doğal bağışıklık, patojen tanıyan reseptörler

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