BATI NİL VİRUSU ENFEKSİYONU

Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 31 - 38, 31.12.2016

Nuri Mamak , İlker Bilgili

https://doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.287350

Abstract

Batı Nil Virusu (BNV), flavivirusun neden olduğu sporadik bir hastalıktır. Hastalık at, insan, çeşitli memeli ve kuş türleri ile bazı kemirgenlerde görülür. West Nile virusun nakli ve yaşam döngüsü sivrisinek gibi kan emici insektler tarafından oluşturulur. Bir çok kuş türü, vektörler tarafından, kan emme esnasında enfekte edilirler. Enfekte olmuş kuşlar, virusun uzun mesafalere yayılmasında büyük rol oynarlar. İnsanlar ve atlar BNV enfeksiyonuna yüksek düzeyde duyarlıdır ve enfeksiyonun ilerlemesiyle ateş,  nörolojik enfeksiyon ve fatal meningoensefalit gelişir. Hastalık, Afrika ve Asya’nın bazı bölgelerinde endemiktir, fakat son zamanlarda Avrupa ve Batı yarımkürede de karşılaşılmaktadır. Hastalığın önlenmesinde sivrisineklerle mücadele çok önemlidir. Aşı uygulaması için at ve kuşlarda genetik olarak modifiye edilmiş virüs suşları veya inaktive edilmiş virusları içeren aşılar kullanılabilir. Bu derlemede, Batı Nil Virusu Enfeksiyonu’nun; etiyolojisi, epidemiyolojisi, epizootiyolojisi, patogenezi, klinik, laboratuvar ve nekropsi bulguları, tanı ve ayırıcı tanısı, tedavisi, koruma ve kontrol yöntemleri tek tek ele alınmıştır.

References

• Yazıcı Z. Batı Nil Virusu Enfeksiyonu. İnfeksiyon Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Infection). 2005; 19 (1): 139-43
• Ward MP, Schuermann JA, Highfield LD, Murray KO. Characteristics of an outbreak of West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a previously uninfected population of horses. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 118: 255-9.
• Tosun S. Batı Nil virüs enfeksiyonu. J Exp Clin Med. 2012; 29: 183-92.
• Timothy JG, Webb CE. A review of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of West Nile virus. International Journal of General Medicine. 2014; 7: 193-203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S59902
• Smithburn KC, Hughes TP, Burke AW, Paul JH. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1940; 20: 471-2.
• Grinev A, Daniel S, Stramer S, Rossmann S, Caglioti S, Rios M: Genetic Variability of West Nile Virus in US Blood Donors, 2002-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14: 436-44. DOI:10.3201/eid1403.070463.
• May FJ, Davis CT, Tesh RB, Barrett AD. Phylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. J Virol. 2011; 85(6): 2964-74. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01963-10
• Pachler K, Lebl K, Berer D, Rudolf I, Hubalek Z, Nowotny N. Putative new West Nile virus lineage in Uranotaenia unguiculata mosquitoes, Austria, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20: 2119-22.
• Monaco F, Çizmeci Ş, Polci A, Portanti O, Barut F, Deniz A, Cosseddu GM, Pişkin Ç, Savini G. First evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Turkey. Veterinaria Italiana. 2016; 51 (2): 77-81. DOI: http://dx.doi: 10.12834/VetIt.838.4169.1
• Iowa State University Center for Food Safety and Public Health. West Nile Virus Infection. Iowa State University. Ames, IA; 2013.
• URL: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/west_nile_fever.pdf
• Sebastian MM, Stewart I, Williams NM, Poonacha KB, Sells SF, Vickers ML, Harrison LR. Pathological, entomological, avian and meteorological investigation of a West Nile virus epidemic in a horse farm. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008; 55: 134-9.
• Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A et al. West Nile virüs epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002; 8(12): 1372-8,
• Murgue B, Murri S, Zientara S, Durand B, Durand RJ, Zeller H,. West Nile Outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: The return after 35 years: Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7(4): 692-6.
• ECDC, 2011. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Expert consultation on West Nile virus infection. Thessaloniki, ECDC; 25-26 January 2011. URL: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Forms/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?ID=691.
• Pauvolid-Correa A, Morales MA, Levis S, Figueiredo LT, Couto-Lima D, Campos Z et al. Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2011; 106(4): 467-74.
• Egberink H, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K et al.. West Nile İnfection in cat ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2015; 17: 617-9.
• Kile JC, Panella NA, Komar N, Chow CC, MacNeil A, Robbins B et al. Serologic survey of cats and dogs during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection in humans. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005; 226: 1349-53.
• Lan D, Ji W, Yu D, Chu J, Wang C, Yang Z et al. Serological evidence of West Nile virus in dogs and cats in China. Arch Virol. 2011; 156:893-5. DOI:10.1007/s00705-010-0913-8.
• Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL et al. West Nile virüs transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerging Infectious.Diseases. 2003; 9(10): 1299-302.
• Komar N, Clark GG. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica. 2006; 19(2): 112-7.
• Cruz L, Cardenas VM, Abarca M, Rodriguez T, Reyna RF, Serpas MV et al. Short report: serological evidence of West Nile virus activity in El Salvador. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2005; 72(5): 612-5.
• Özkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, Akçalı A, Yılmaz V, Çolak D. Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey Epidemiol Infect. 2006; 134: 826-9.
• Albayrak H, Ozan E. Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Some of Mammalian Species (Herbivores) in Northern Turkey J. Arthropod Borna Dis. 2013; 7(1): 90-3.
• Yapici O, Kale M, Gur S, Mamak N, Yavru S, Hasircioglu et al. Serologic Investigation for West Nile Virus Infection in Commercial Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012; 11(13): 2211-4
• DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2012.2211.2214.
• McMinn, CR,. The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses. J Gen Virol. 1997; 78:2711-22.
• Diamond MS. West Nile Ensefalitis Virus Infection: Viral pathogenesis and the host immun response. 1rd. ed. p: 428-35. Newyork: Springer; 2009.
• Tezcan S, Ülger M, Emekdaş G. Batı Nil Virusu ve İnfeksiyonu. 2011; 4(3): 9-17
• Lim SM, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Martina BE. West Nile Virus immunity and pathogenezis. Viruses. 2011; 3(6): 811-28.
• Rimoldi G, Mete A, Adaska JM, Anderson ML, Symmesa KP, Diab S. West Nile Virus Infection in Sheep. Vet Pathol. 2016; 16: pii: 0300985816653796.
• DOI: 10.1177/0300985816653796
• Giladi M, Cotter ME, Martin AD, Siegman-Igra Y, Korczyn AD, Rosso R et al. West Nile encephalitis in Israel 1999: The New York connection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7: 659-61.
• Öcal M, Önder H, Arsava EM, Alp Ş, Özkul A, Ergünay K. Ankara İlinde Batı Nil Virusu Köken-1 Kaynaklı Bir Merkezi Sinir Sistemi Enfeksiyonu Olgusu. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013; 47(1): 164-72.
• Porter MB, Long MT, Getman LM, Giguere S, MacKay RJ, Lester GD et al. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses: 46 cases (2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003; 222: 1241-7.
• Wamsley HL, Alleman AR, Porter MB, Long MT. Findings in cerebrospinal fluids of horses infected with West Nile virus: 30 cases (2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002; 221(9): 1303-5.
• Radositist OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary Medicine, A Textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10rd ed. p.. 1378-80. Philadelphia: Saunders ltd; 2006.
• Padilla JA, Rubio EL, Romero EE, Cordoba L, Cuevas S, Mejia F et al. The continous spread of west nile virus (WNV): seroprevalance in asymptomatic horses. Epidemiol Infect. 2009; 137: 1163-8.
• OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2016. Chapter 2.1.24- West Nile Fever. URL: http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.01.24_WEST_NILE.pdf
• Sampathkumar P. West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and prevention. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003; 78: 1137-44.
• Angenvoort J, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Groschup MH. West Nile viral infection of equids. Vet Microbiol. 2013; 167: 168-80. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013.
• Varga J; Fodor L. West Nile fever. Review article. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja. 2003; 125(8): 451-7.