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ÖZ KENDİLİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİNİN ÖZ LİDERLIK DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNDE ETKİSİ: İLKÖĞRETİM ÖĞRETMENLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA - THE EFFECT OF CORE SELF-EVALUATION ON SELF-LEADERSHIP: A STUDY ON PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Year 2017, , 455 - 468, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.310932

Abstract

Bu çalışma, bireylerin öz kendilik değerlendirmesinin
öz liderlik davranışları üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu
amaçla çeşitli illerde görev yapan 440 ilköğretim öğretmeninden anket yöntemi
ile toplanan verilerle bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak
kişisel bilgi formu, öz liderlik ölçeği ve öz kendilik değerlendirmesi ölçeği
kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları bireylerin öz kendilik değerlendirmelerinin
öz liderlik davranışlarını etkilediğini ve bireylerin öz kendilik algıları arttıkça
daha fazla öz liderlik davranışları sergilediklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca katılımcıların
cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve çalışma süresi demografik özelliklerinin, araştırmada
incelenen öz liderlik davranışlarının bazı boyutları üzerinde anlamlı etkiye
sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Anderson, Joe. S.-Prussia, Gregory E. (1997), “The Self-Leadership Questionnaire: Preliminary Assessment of Construct Validity”, The Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 4, Issue. 2, (119-143).
  • Arlı, Özgür. (2011), Bazı Öncül ve Ardıllarıyla Öz Liderlik: İlköğretim Öğretmenleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener (2004), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Pegem A Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Carmeli, Abraham-R.-Meitar, Ravit- Weisberg, Jacob. (2006). “Self-Leadership Skills and Work Innovative Behavior at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 27, Issue.1, (75-90).
  • Doğan, Selen- Şahin, Faruk. (2008a), “Kendi Kendine Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türk.e Uyarlaması, Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması”, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı.1, (139-164).
  • Doğan, Selen- Şahin, Faruk. (2008b), “Bireysel Performansı ve Verimliliği Artırmada Kendi Kendine Liderlik Yaklaşımının Önemi”, İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı.1, (77-95).
  • Godwin, Jeffrey L.- Neck, Christopher P.- Houghton, Jeffrey D. (1999), “The Impact of Thought Self-leadership on Individual Goal Performance: A Cognitive Perspective”, The Journal of Management Development, Vol.18, Issue.2, (153-169).
  • Hardy, Karen. “Self-leadership as a Tool in Management Succession Planning”, The Public Manager, Vol.33, (41-44).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.- Neck, Christopher P. (2002), “The Revised Self-leadership Questionnaire: Testing a Hierarchical Factor Structure for Self-leadership”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.17, Issue.8, (672-692).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.- Neck, Christopher P.- Manz, Charles C. (2003), “We Think We Can, We Think We Can, We Think We Can: The Impact of Thinking Patterns and Self- Efficacy on Work Team Sustainability”, Team Performance Management, Vol.9, Issue.1/2, (31-41).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Bonham, T.W.-Neck, Christopher P.-Singh, Kusum. (2004), “The Relation Between Self-leadership and Personality: A Comparison of Hierarchical Factor Structures”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.19, No.4, (427- 441).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Yoho, Steven K. (2005), “Toward A Contingency Model of Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: When Should Self-Leadership Be Encouraged?”, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Vol.11, Issue.4, (65-83).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Jinkerson, Darryl L. (2007), “Constructive Thought Strategies and Job Satisfaction: A Preliminary Examination”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol.22, Issue.1, (45–53).
  • Judge, Timoty A.-Locke, E.A.-Durham, C.C. (1997), “The Dispositional Causes of Job Satisfaction: A Core Evaluations Approach”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, (151-188).
  • Judge, Timoty A.-Erez, Amir-Bono, Joyce E.-Thoresen, Carl J. (2003), “The Core Self- Evaluations Scale: Development of a Measure”, Personnel Psychology, Vol.56, Issue.2, (303-331).
  • Kazan, Ana Lucia (1999), Exploring The Concept of Self-Leadership: Factors Impacting Self-Leadership of Ohio Americorps Members, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Ohio State University, Ohio.
  • Küçükkaragöz, Hadiye S. (1998), İlkokul Öğretmenlerinde Kontrol Odağı ve Öğrencilerinin Kontrol Odağının Oluşumuna Etkileri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Luszczynska, Aleksandra- Scholz, Urte-Schwarzer, Ralf. (2005), “The General Self- Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies”, The Journal of Psychology, Vol.139, Issue.5, (439-457).
  • Manz, Charles C. (1986), “Self-Leadership: Toward an Expanded Theory of Selfinfluence Processes in Organizations”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.11, Issue.3, (585-600).
  • Manz, Charles C. (1992), “Self-Leadership….The Heart of Empowerment”, The Journal for Quality and Participation, Vol.15, Issue.4, (80-86).
  • Manz, Charles C.-Sims, H.P.Jr. (1980), “Self-Management as a Substitute a Social Learning Theory Perspective”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.5, Issue.3, (361-367).
  • Manz, Charles C.-Sims, H.P.Jr. (2001), The New Super Leadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves, Berrett–Koehler, San Francisco.
  • Marshall, Glenn- A., Kiffin-Petersen, Sandra-Soutar, Geoffrey. (2009), “Personality Influences on the Self-Leadership Practices of Vocational College Academics'”, 23rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Neck, Christopher P. (1996), “Thought Self-Leadership: A Self-Regulatory Approach to Overcoming Resistance to Organizational Change”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol.4, (202-216).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Milliman, J.F. (1994), “Thought Self-Leadership: Finding Spiritual Fulfillment In Organizational Life”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.9, (9-16).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Stewart, G.-Manz, Charles C. (1995), “Thought Self-Leadership as a Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Performance Appraisers”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol.31, (278-302).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Neck, C.P.-Manz, Charles C. (1997a), “Thought Self-Leadership: Mind Management for Entrepreneurs”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol.2, (25-36).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Smith, Wanda J.-Godwin, Jeffrey L. (1997b), “Thought Self-Leadership: a Self-Regulatory Approach to Diversity Management”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.12, Issue.3, (190-203).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Ashcraft, R.-Vansandt C. (1998), “Employee Self-Leadership: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Nonprofits”, International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, Vol.1, (521-52).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Nouri, H.- Godwin, Jeffrey L. (2003), “How Self-leadership Affects the Goal-Setting Process”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.13, (691-707).
  • Neck, Christopher P.- Houghton, Jeffrey D. (2006), “Two Decades of Self-Leadership Theory and Research Past Developments, Present Trends, and Future Possibilities”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.21, Issue4, (270-295).
  • Nelson, Debra L.-Quick, James Campbell (2005), Understanding Organizational Behavior, Thomson South-Western, Ohio.
  • Norris, Sharon E. (2008), “An Examination of Self-Leadership”, Emerging Leadership Journey, Vol.1, Issue.1, (43-61).
  • Oğuzhan, Tuğrul (2005), Algılanan Etik İklim Boyutları, Lider Üye Etkileşimi ve Öz Kendilik Değerlendirmesinin İzlenim Yönetimi Taktikleri Kullanımı Üzerine Etkileri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Prussia, Gregory E.-Anderson, Joe S.-Manz, Charles C. (1998), “Self-leadership and Performance Outcomes: The Mediating Influence of Self-efficacy”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, Issue.5, (523-538).
  • Robert, Heather E.-Foti, Roseanne J. (1998), “Evaluating the Interaction Between Self- Leadership and Work Structure in Predicting Job Satisfaction”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol.12, Issue.3, (257-267).
  • Salas, Eduardo-Cannon-Bowers, Janis A. (2001), “The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.52, (471–499).
  • Shavelson, Richard J.-Hubner, Judith J.-Stanton, George C. (1976), “Self-Concept: Validation of Construct Interpretations”, Review of Educational Research, Vol.46, Issue.3, (407-441).
  • Stewart, Greg L.-Carson, Kenneth P.-Cardy, Robert L. (1996), “The Joint Effects of Conscientiousness and Self-Leadership Training on Self-Directed Behavior in a Service Setting”, Personnel Psychology, Vol.49, Issue.1, (143-164).
  • Stewart, Greg L.-Barrick, M.R. (2000), “Team Structure and Performance: Assessing The Mediating Role of Intrateam Process and the Moderating Role of Task Type”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.43, (135-149).
  • Şeşen, Harun (2010), Öncülleri ve Sonuçları ile Örgüt İçi Girişimcilik: Türk Savunma Sanayinde Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, KHO Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Şeşen, Harun-Tabak, Akif-Arlı, Özgür (2017). “Consequences of Self-Leadership: A Study on Primary School Teachers”, Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, Vol.17, Issue.3, (945-968).
  • Tabak, Akif-Sığrı, Ünal-Türköz, Tolga (2009), “Öz Liderlik (Kendi Kendine Liderlik) Ölçeği Türkçe Formu Uyarlama Çalışması”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 21-23 Mayıs 2009, Eskişehir.
  • Türköz, Tolga (2010), Çalışanların Öz Liderlik Algısının İzlenim Yönetimi Taktiklerini Kullanımlarına Olan Etkileri: Savunma Sanayinde Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, KHO Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Vansandt, Craig V.-Neck, Christopher P. (2003), “Bridging Ethics and Self Leadership: Overcoming Ethical Discrepancies Between Employee and Organizational Standards”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.43, Issue.4, (363-387).
  • Williams, Scott (1997), “Personality and Self-Leadership”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.7, Issue.2, (139-155).
  • Zyl, Ebben van (2012), “The Relatipnship Between Self-Leadership and Certain Personality Among a Group of First-Line Supervisors”, Journal of Social Science, Vol.32, Issue.2, (159-165).
Year 2017, , 455 - 468, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.310932

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, Joe. S.-Prussia, Gregory E. (1997), “The Self-Leadership Questionnaire: Preliminary Assessment of Construct Validity”, The Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 4, Issue. 2, (119-143).
  • Arlı, Özgür. (2011), Bazı Öncül ve Ardıllarıyla Öz Liderlik: İlköğretim Öğretmenleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener (2004), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Pegem A Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Carmeli, Abraham-R.-Meitar, Ravit- Weisberg, Jacob. (2006). “Self-Leadership Skills and Work Innovative Behavior at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 27, Issue.1, (75-90).
  • Doğan, Selen- Şahin, Faruk. (2008a), “Kendi Kendine Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türk.e Uyarlaması, Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması”, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı.1, (139-164).
  • Doğan, Selen- Şahin, Faruk. (2008b), “Bireysel Performansı ve Verimliliği Artırmada Kendi Kendine Liderlik Yaklaşımının Önemi”, İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı.1, (77-95).
  • Godwin, Jeffrey L.- Neck, Christopher P.- Houghton, Jeffrey D. (1999), “The Impact of Thought Self-leadership on Individual Goal Performance: A Cognitive Perspective”, The Journal of Management Development, Vol.18, Issue.2, (153-169).
  • Hardy, Karen. “Self-leadership as a Tool in Management Succession Planning”, The Public Manager, Vol.33, (41-44).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.- Neck, Christopher P. (2002), “The Revised Self-leadership Questionnaire: Testing a Hierarchical Factor Structure for Self-leadership”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.17, Issue.8, (672-692).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.- Neck, Christopher P.- Manz, Charles C. (2003), “We Think We Can, We Think We Can, We Think We Can: The Impact of Thinking Patterns and Self- Efficacy on Work Team Sustainability”, Team Performance Management, Vol.9, Issue.1/2, (31-41).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Bonham, T.W.-Neck, Christopher P.-Singh, Kusum. (2004), “The Relation Between Self-leadership and Personality: A Comparison of Hierarchical Factor Structures”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.19, No.4, (427- 441).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Yoho, Steven K. (2005), “Toward A Contingency Model of Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: When Should Self-Leadership Be Encouraged?”, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Vol.11, Issue.4, (65-83).
  • Houghton, Jeffrey D.-Jinkerson, Darryl L. (2007), “Constructive Thought Strategies and Job Satisfaction: A Preliminary Examination”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol.22, Issue.1, (45–53).
  • Judge, Timoty A.-Locke, E.A.-Durham, C.C. (1997), “The Dispositional Causes of Job Satisfaction: A Core Evaluations Approach”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, (151-188).
  • Judge, Timoty A.-Erez, Amir-Bono, Joyce E.-Thoresen, Carl J. (2003), “The Core Self- Evaluations Scale: Development of a Measure”, Personnel Psychology, Vol.56, Issue.2, (303-331).
  • Kazan, Ana Lucia (1999), Exploring The Concept of Self-Leadership: Factors Impacting Self-Leadership of Ohio Americorps Members, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Ohio State University, Ohio.
  • Küçükkaragöz, Hadiye S. (1998), İlkokul Öğretmenlerinde Kontrol Odağı ve Öğrencilerinin Kontrol Odağının Oluşumuna Etkileri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Luszczynska, Aleksandra- Scholz, Urte-Schwarzer, Ralf. (2005), “The General Self- Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies”, The Journal of Psychology, Vol.139, Issue.5, (439-457).
  • Manz, Charles C. (1986), “Self-Leadership: Toward an Expanded Theory of Selfinfluence Processes in Organizations”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.11, Issue.3, (585-600).
  • Manz, Charles C. (1992), “Self-Leadership….The Heart of Empowerment”, The Journal for Quality and Participation, Vol.15, Issue.4, (80-86).
  • Manz, Charles C.-Sims, H.P.Jr. (1980), “Self-Management as a Substitute a Social Learning Theory Perspective”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.5, Issue.3, (361-367).
  • Manz, Charles C.-Sims, H.P.Jr. (2001), The New Super Leadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves, Berrett–Koehler, San Francisco.
  • Marshall, Glenn- A., Kiffin-Petersen, Sandra-Soutar, Geoffrey. (2009), “Personality Influences on the Self-Leadership Practices of Vocational College Academics'”, 23rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Neck, Christopher P. (1996), “Thought Self-Leadership: A Self-Regulatory Approach to Overcoming Resistance to Organizational Change”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol.4, (202-216).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Milliman, J.F. (1994), “Thought Self-Leadership: Finding Spiritual Fulfillment In Organizational Life”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.9, (9-16).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Stewart, G.-Manz, Charles C. (1995), “Thought Self-Leadership as a Framework for Enhancing the Performance of Performance Appraisers”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol.31, (278-302).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Neck, C.P.-Manz, Charles C. (1997a), “Thought Self-Leadership: Mind Management for Entrepreneurs”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol.2, (25-36).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Smith, Wanda J.-Godwin, Jeffrey L. (1997b), “Thought Self-Leadership: a Self-Regulatory Approach to Diversity Management”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.12, Issue.3, (190-203).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Ashcraft, R.-Vansandt C. (1998), “Employee Self-Leadership: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Nonprofits”, International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, Vol.1, (521-52).
  • Neck, Christopher P.-Nouri, H.- Godwin, Jeffrey L. (2003), “How Self-leadership Affects the Goal-Setting Process”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.13, (691-707).
  • Neck, Christopher P.- Houghton, Jeffrey D. (2006), “Two Decades of Self-Leadership Theory and Research Past Developments, Present Trends, and Future Possibilities”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.21, Issue4, (270-295).
  • Nelson, Debra L.-Quick, James Campbell (2005), Understanding Organizational Behavior, Thomson South-Western, Ohio.
  • Norris, Sharon E. (2008), “An Examination of Self-Leadership”, Emerging Leadership Journey, Vol.1, Issue.1, (43-61).
  • Oğuzhan, Tuğrul (2005), Algılanan Etik İklim Boyutları, Lider Üye Etkileşimi ve Öz Kendilik Değerlendirmesinin İzlenim Yönetimi Taktikleri Kullanımı Üzerine Etkileri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Prussia, Gregory E.-Anderson, Joe S.-Manz, Charles C. (1998), “Self-leadership and Performance Outcomes: The Mediating Influence of Self-efficacy”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, Issue.5, (523-538).
  • Robert, Heather E.-Foti, Roseanne J. (1998), “Evaluating the Interaction Between Self- Leadership and Work Structure in Predicting Job Satisfaction”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol.12, Issue.3, (257-267).
  • Salas, Eduardo-Cannon-Bowers, Janis A. (2001), “The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.52, (471–499).
  • Shavelson, Richard J.-Hubner, Judith J.-Stanton, George C. (1976), “Self-Concept: Validation of Construct Interpretations”, Review of Educational Research, Vol.46, Issue.3, (407-441).
  • Stewart, Greg L.-Carson, Kenneth P.-Cardy, Robert L. (1996), “The Joint Effects of Conscientiousness and Self-Leadership Training on Self-Directed Behavior in a Service Setting”, Personnel Psychology, Vol.49, Issue.1, (143-164).
  • Stewart, Greg L.-Barrick, M.R. (2000), “Team Structure and Performance: Assessing The Mediating Role of Intrateam Process and the Moderating Role of Task Type”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.43, (135-149).
  • Şeşen, Harun (2010), Öncülleri ve Sonuçları ile Örgüt İçi Girişimcilik: Türk Savunma Sanayinde Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, KHO Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Şeşen, Harun-Tabak, Akif-Arlı, Özgür (2017). “Consequences of Self-Leadership: A Study on Primary School Teachers”, Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, Vol.17, Issue.3, (945-968).
  • Tabak, Akif-Sığrı, Ünal-Türköz, Tolga (2009), “Öz Liderlik (Kendi Kendine Liderlik) Ölçeği Türkçe Formu Uyarlama Çalışması”, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 21-23 Mayıs 2009, Eskişehir.
  • Türköz, Tolga (2010), Çalışanların Öz Liderlik Algısının İzlenim Yönetimi Taktiklerini Kullanımlarına Olan Etkileri: Savunma Sanayinde Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, KHO Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Vansandt, Craig V.-Neck, Christopher P. (2003), “Bridging Ethics and Self Leadership: Overcoming Ethical Discrepancies Between Employee and Organizational Standards”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.43, Issue.4, (363-387).
  • Williams, Scott (1997), “Personality and Self-Leadership”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.7, Issue.2, (139-155).
  • Zyl, Ebben van (2012), “The Relatipnship Between Self-Leadership and Certain Personality Among a Group of First-Line Supervisors”, Journal of Social Science, Vol.32, Issue.2, (159-165).
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özgür Arlı This is me

Abdülkadir Avcı

Publication Date December 31, 2017
Submission Date May 7, 2017
Acceptance Date December 23, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Arlı, Ö., & Avcı, A. (2017). ÖZ KENDİLİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİNİN ÖZ LİDERLIK DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNDE ETKİSİ: İLKÖĞRETİM ÖĞRETMENLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA - THE EFFECT OF CORE SELF-EVALUATION ON SELF-LEADERSHIP: A STUDY ON PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9(22), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.310932