POPÜLİZM ÇAĞINDA NEO-IRKÇILIK: AVRUPA’DA GÖÇMEN KRİZİ

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 13 - 40, 16.06.2021

Mehmet Anık

Abstract

Halkın duygularını manipüle etmeye ve bundan siyasi çıkar elde etmeye yönelik popülist politikalarda son senelerde küresel çapta bir artış görülmektedir. İletişim teknolojisi alanındaki muazzam gelişmeler, popülist söylemleri daha çok yaygınlaştırmakta ve böylece adeta bir popülizm çağında yaşadığımız algısına neden olmaktadır. Avrupa’daki göçmen krizi ile ilgili bu araştırma makalesi, göçmen karşıtlığı konusunda neo-ırkçı bir eğilim barındıran popülist söyleme odaklanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede Avrupalı siyasetçilerin bazı popülist söylemleri analiz edilmiş, ayrıca bu konu ile ilgili nicel ikincil verilerden de yararlanılmıştır. Özellikle toplumsal, politik ve ekonomik kriz dönemlerinde, Avrupa’daki göçmenler, yaşanan olumsuzlukların asıl suçlusu olarak damgalanmaktadırlar. Sadece aşırı sağda değil, bazen sol siyasette de görülen bu damgalama, genelde Batılı olmayan ülkelerden, özellikle de Müslüman ülkelerden gelen göçmenlere karşı kullanılmaktadır. Avrupa ülkelerindeki göçmen gruplar içerisinde Müslümanlar, ana topluma entegre olmadıkları yönünde daha sık eleştirilmekte ve bu konudaki argümanlar, genellikle popülist ve pragmatik bir şekilde dile getirilmektedir. Çalışmanın ana argümanı, Avrupa ülkelerindeki ulusal birlik ve dayanışma konusunda en temel tehditlerden birinin, göçmenlere karşı kullanılan popülist, neo-ırkçı ve İslamofobik söylem olduğudur.

Keywords

Uluslararası Göç, Göçmen Krizi, Popülizm, Neo-ırkçılık, İslamofobi.

NEO-RACISM IN THE AGE OF POPULISM: THE IMMIGRANT CRISIS IN EUROPE

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a global increase in populist politics aimed at manipulating the public’s feelings and gaining political interest. The tremendous developments in communication technology spread populist discourses more, and thus causes the perception that we live in an age of populism. This research article on the immigrant crisis in Europe focuses on the populist discourse that has a neo-racist tendency about anti-immigration. Within this framework, some populist discourses of European politicians are analysed, and secondary quantitative data related to this issue is used. Especially in situations of social, political and economic crisis, immigrants in European countries are stigmatized as the main culprits. This stigma, which is seen not only in the far right but also sometimes in left politics, is generally used for immigrants coming from non-Western countries, especially from Muslim countries. Muslims among immigrant groups in European countries are often criticized for not being integrated into the mainstream society, and the arguments related to this issue are often expressed in a populist and pragmatic way. The main argument of the study is that one of the main threats to national unity and solidarity in European countries is the populist, neo-racist and Islamophobic discourse used against immigrants.

Keywords

international migration, migrant crisis, neo-racism, populism, Islamophobia

References

• Abadan-Unat, Nermin. Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
• Ahmadi, Fereshteh – Palm, Irving. Diversity Barometer 2018. Retrieved from https://www.hig.se/download/18.6c77c68166435adf0b2cfa2/1541421091075/mångfald%20engelska-2.pdf
• Ahmadi, Fereshteh – Darvishpour, Mehrdad – Palm, Irving. “Changes Regarding Attitudes Towards Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Sweden: The Diversity Barometer (2005-2018)”. International Journal of Social Science Studies 8/5 (2020): 1-16.
• Anık, Mehmet. Kimlik ve Çokkültürcülük Sosyolojisi. Istanbul: Açılım Kitap, 2012.
• Arant, Regina – Dragolov, Georgi – Gernig, Björn – Boehnke, Klaus – Sepälä, Jonas Anttoni. Zusammenhalt in Vielfalt: Das Vielfaltsbarometer 2019 der Robert Bosch Stiftung. Stuttgart: Robert Bosch Stiftung, 2019.
• Balibar, Etienne. (1991). “Is There a Neo-Racism?”. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. ed. Immanuel Wallerstein - Etienne Balibar. 17-28. London: Verso, 1991.
• Betz, Hans-Georg. “Against the ‘Green Totalitarianism’: Anti-Islamic Nativism in Contemporary Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe”. Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. ed. Christina Schori Liang. 33-54. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007.
• Bliuc, Ana-Maria – Faulkner, Nicholas – Jakubowicz, Andrew – McGarty, Craig. “Online Networks of Racial Hate: A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Research on Cyber-Racism”. Computers in Human Behavior 87 (2018): 75-86.
• Bock, Jozefien de. Parallel Lives Revisited: Mediterranean Guest Workers and Their Families at Work and in the Neighbourhood 1960-1980. New York: Berghahn Books, 2018.
• Castles, Stephen – Haas, Hein de – Miller, Mark J. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 5th edition. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
• Dijk, Teun A. van. Elite Discourse and Racism. California: Sage Publications, 1993.
• Dijk, Teun A. van. Racism and the Press. London: Routledge, 1991.
• Entzinger, Han. “The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism: The Case of the Netherlands”. Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberals Nation-States. ed. Christian. Joppke - Ewa Morawska. 59-86. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
• Fassin, Éric. Populisme: Le Grand Ressentiment. Paris: Textuel, 2017.
• Gfeller, Aurélie Elisa. Building a European Identity: France, the United States, and the Oil Shock, 1973-1974. New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.
• Hainsworth, Paul. The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. London: Bloomsbury, 2016.
• Herbert, Ulrich. A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880-1980: Seasonal Workers/Forced Laborers/Guest Workers. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1991.
• Hervik, Peter. The Annoying Difference: The Emergence of Danish Neonationalism, Neoracism, and Populism in the Post-1989 World. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
• Hervik, Peter. “Racism, Neo-Racism”. Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today. 43-52. Brussels: The European Network Against Racism aisbl (ENAR), 2013.
• Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Jakubowicz, Andrew - Dunn, Kevin - Mason, Gail - Paradies, Yin – Bliuc, Ana-Maria - Bahfen, Nasya - Oboler, Andre – Atie, Rosalie – Connelly, Karen. Cyber Racism and Community Resilience: Strategies for Combating Online Race Hate. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
• Khan, Fatima – Mythen, Gabe. “Culture, Media and Everyday Practices: Unveiling and Challenging Islamophobia”. Media, Crime and Racism. ed. Monish Bhatia, Scott Poynting - Waqas Tufail. 93-115. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
• Kymlicka, Will. “Defending Diversity in an Era of Populism: Multiculturalism and Interculturalism Compared”. Multiculturalism and Interculturalism: Debating the Dividing Lines. ed. Nasar Meer - Tariq Modood - Ricard Zapata-Barrero. 158-177. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
• Lazaridis, Gabriella. International Migration to Europe: From Subjects to Abjects. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
• Liang, Christina Schori. “Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right”. Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. ed. Christina Schori Liang. 1-32. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007.
• Lucassen, Leo – Lucassen, Jan. “Quantifying and Qualifying Cross-Cultural Migration in Europe since 1500: A Plea for a Broader View”. The History of Migration in Europe: Prospectives from Economics, Politics and Sociology. ed. Francesca Fauri. 13-38. Oxon: Routledge, 2015.
• Maas, Willem. “The Netherlands: Consensus and Contention in a Migration State”. Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, ed. James F. Hollifield - Philip L. Martin - Pia M. Orrenius. 256-275. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. Mella, Orlando – Palm, Irving – Bromark, Kristina. Mångfaldsbarometern 2011. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Institutionen, 2011.
• Moffitt, Benjamin. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017.
• Moffitt, Benjamin. Populism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020.
• Rattansi, Ali. Racism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
• Sarrazin, Thilo. Deutschland Schafft Sich ab: Wie Wir Unser Land aufs Spiel Setzen. Müchen: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2010.
• Sarrazin, Thilo. Feindliche Übernahme: Wie der Islam den Fortschritt Behindert und die Gesselschaft Bedroht Spiel. Müchen: FinanzBuch Verlag, 2018.
• Schneider, Silke L. “Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Europe: Outgroup Size and Perceived Ethnic Threat”. European Sociological Review 24/1 (2008): 53-67.
• Scholten, Peter. “The Dutch Multicultural Myth”. Challenging Multiculturalism: European Models of Diversity. ed. Raymond Taras. 97-119. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
• Schott, Christina – Engelhardt, Marc - Hedemann, Philipp - Jungelhülsing, Julica - Kaspar, Birgit – Stäuber, Peter – Zilm, Kerstin. “Lernen von den Melting Pots?”. Die Flüchtlingsrevolution: Wie die Neue Völkerwanderung die Ganze Welt Verändert. ed. Marc Engelhardt. 326-35. München: Pantheon Verlag, 2016.
• Sirkeci, Ibrahim – Acik, Necla – Saunders, Bradley. “Discriminatory Labour Market Experiences of A8 National High Skilled Workers in the UK”. Border Crossing 4/1-2 (2014): 17-31.
• Smith, Andrea L. “Introduction: Europe’s Invisible Migrants”. Europe’s Invisible Migrant. ed. Andrea L. Smith. 9-32. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003.
• Strabac, Zan – Listhaug, Ola. “Anti-Muslim Prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Survey Data from 30 Countries”. Social Science Research 37/1 (2008): 268-86.
• Şimşek, Rıdvan - Anık, Mehmet. “Asylum Seeker and Refugee Crisis as a Humanitarian Tragedy in the Contemporary World”. Afro Eurosian Studies 7/2 (2018): 279-317.
• Titley, Gavan. Racism and Media. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2019.
• Voynova, Sevdalina – Gabova, Snezhina – Lozanova, Denitza – Lomeva, Svetlana. Legal Framework, Societal Responses and Good Practises to Counter Online Hate Speech Against Migrants and Refugees: Comparative Report (Bulgaria, Crotia, Czech Republic, Greece, Italy, Romania, UK). Sofia: Rights, Equality and Citizenship/Justice Programme of the European Union, 2017.
• Walzer, Michael. On Toleration. London: Yale University Press, 1999.
• Weichselbaumer, Doris. “Discrimination Against Migrant Job Applicants in Austria: An Experimental Study”. German Economic Review 18/2 (2016): 237-65.
• Yalcin-Heckmann, Lale and Horst Unbehaun. “Fransa ve Almanya’daki Göçmen Türk Toplulukları: İki Orta Büyüklükteki Şehirde Dernekleşme ve Cemaatleşme Süreçleri”. Toplum ve Bilim 82 (1999): 78-89.
• Beijl, Roger Zegers de. Documenting Discrimination Against Migrant Workers in the Labour Market: A Comparative Study of Four European Countries. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2000.