Theoretical Article
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Köleliği Var Eden Bir Özgürlük Tanımı Olarak Eleutheria

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 454 - 480, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1162171

Abstract

Bu makalede, eleutheria kavramının Antik Yunan’da ne anlama geldiği, kavramın ne tür bir egemenlik
tanımı kurduğu ve nasıl bir siyaset yarattığı incelenecektir. Üç bölüme ayrılmış incelemenin ilk
bölümünde, eleutheria kavramı üzerine yapılmış olan semantik çalışmalar ele alınacak, burada konu
edilen etimolojik analizler ve kavramsal yorumlar çalışmanın tamamına temel oluşturacaktır. İkinci
bölümde ise eleutheria’nın tanımladığı özgürlüğün nasıl bir vatandaşlıkla ilişkilendiği, eleutheria’nın
iş (ponos) ile irtibatı ve Antik Yunan’da işin önemli bir kısmına ortak olan ancak vatandaşlıktan
dışlanan kölelerin ve köleliğin Atina’daki etkileri incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda, eleutheria, toplumdan
reddettikleri ile bir egemenlik ilişkisini pekiştiriyor mudur, sorusu irdelenecektir. İncelemenin son
bölümü ise kölelerin Atina’daki konumlarına nasıl iştirak ettiklerine, bu konumla nasıl müzakere
ettiklerine odaklanacak ve özgürlüğün köleliği pekiştiren ilişkilendirmelerinin yapısına ve bu yapının
polis’ler arasındaki egemenlik düzeyine etkilerine göz atılacaktır. Araştırmanın maksadı, eleutheria’nın
henüz kelime anlamında bulundurduğu aidiyetin, özgürlüğü bir egemenlik ve müdahillik ilişkisine
dönüştürdüğünü ve bu sebeple egemenliğin yahut köleliğin yokluğuna atıfta bulunamadığına dair bir
sonuca ulaşmaktır

References

  • Ağaoğulları, M. A. (2004). Kent Devletinden İmparatorluğa. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Albanidis, E., & Evangelia, V. (2008). The Eleutheria (Liberation Games) of Plataea in Ancient Greece. Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism, 15, 49-52. https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/71406/edition/86749 adresinden alındı
  • Aristoteles. (1985). Metafizik. (A. Arslan, Çev.) İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Aristoteles. (1997). Nikomakhos’a Etik. (S. Babür, Çev.) Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Balme, M. (1984). Attitudes to Work and Leisure in Ancient Greece. Greece and Rome, 31(2), 140-152. doi:10.1017/S0017383500028515
  • Borges, J. L. (2014). Dantevari Denemeler - Shakespeare'in Belleği. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (2005). İktidarın Psişik Yaşamı: Tabiyet Üzerine Teoriler. (F. Tütüncü, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Cartledge, P. A. (1988). Serfdom in classical Greece. L. Archer içinde, Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour (s. 33-41). New York: Routledge.
  • Cassin, E. A. (2014). Eleutheria. J. Lezra, & M. Wood içinde, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (s. 250-257). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Castoriadis, C., & Arato, A. (1978). From Marx to Aristotle, from Aristotle to Us. Social Research, 45(4), 667-738.
  • Cholbi, M. (2023). Philosophical Approaches to Work and Labor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/work-labor adresinden alındı
  • Cuffel, V. (1966). The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery. Journal of the History of Ideas, 27(3), 323-342. doi:10.2307/2708589
  • Deene, M. (2011). Naturalized Citizens and Social Mobility in Classical Athens: The Case of Apollodorus. Greece and Rome, 58(2), 159–175. doi:10.1017/s0017383511000039
  • Edge, M. (2013). Freedom (eleutheria). R. Bagnall, K. Brodersen, C. B. Champion, A. Erskine, & S. Huebner içinde, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04116
  • Edge, M. (2019). Equality for Equals. Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek and Roman Political Thought, 36(2), 191-215. doi:10.1163/20512996-12340207
  • Fanon, F. (2016). Siyah Deri Beyaz Maskeler. (C. Koytak, Çev.) İstanbul: Encore Yayınları.
  • Filonik, J. (2019). “Living as One Wishes” in Athens: The (Anti-)Democratic Polemics. Classical Philology, 114(1), 1-24. doi:10.1086/701112
  • Finley, M. I. (1964). Between Slavery and Freedom. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), 233-249. doi:10.1017/s0010417500002140
  • Foucault, M. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler (2 b.). İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Galeano, E. (2014). Latin Amerika'nın Kesik Damarları. (H. Hakmen, & A. Tokatlı, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayınları.ö
  • Hansen, M. H. (2010). Democratic freedom and the concept of freedom in Plato and Aristotle. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 50(1), 1-27. https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/13041 adresinden alındı
  • Janik, J. (2003). Eleutheria in Greek Literature of 5 B.C, Freedom and Its Limits in the Ancient World. Electrum, 9, 11-20.
  • Küçüker, S. D. (2019). Thukydides’in Tarih’i Ekseninde Klasik Hellen Polis’lerinin Siyasi Statüsü. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(3), 719-738. doi:10.33630/ausbf.552637
  • Kyrtatas, D. J. (2011). Slavery and economy in the Greek world. P. Cartledge, & K. R. Bradley içinde, Cambridge World History of Slavery (Cilt 1, s. 91-111). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.007
  • Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Le Guin, U. K. (2017). Yerdeniz Büyücüsü – Yerdeniz Üçlemesi 1. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Mirhady, D. C. (1996). Torture and rhetoric in Athens. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 116, 119–131. doi:doi:10.2307/631959
  • Moore, G. (2011). The Eternal Return of the Gift: Deleuze (and Derrida) contra Lacan. Politics of the Gift: Exchanges in Postructurualism (s. 32-72). içinde Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748642021.003.0003
  • Morrisson, I. (2018). Nietzsche on guilt: Dependency, debt, and imperfection. European Journal of Philosophy(26), 974-990. doi:10.1111/ejop.12317
  • Nederman, C. J. (2008). Men at Work: Poesis, Politics and Labor in Aristotle and Some Aristotelians. Analyse & Kritik, 30(1), 17-31. doi:doi.org/10.1515/auk-2008-0102
  • Okyere, M. K. (2017). Asante An Outline of Labour in Plato’s Thought. Journal of Advocacy, Research and Education, 4(2), 86-95.
  • Sears, M. A. (2015). Thucydides, Rousseau, and Forced Freedom: Brasidas’ Speech at Acanthus. Phoenix, 69(3/4), 242-267. doi:10.7834/phoenix.69.3-4.0242
  • Silagadze, A. (2019). Plato on Economic Foundations of an "Ideal State". Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 13(2), 141-145.
  • Silver, M. (2006). Slaves versus free hired workers in ancient Greece. Historia, 55(3), 257-263. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436815 adresinden alındı
  • Sloterdijk, P. (2009). Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the Letter on Humanism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27(1), 12-28. doi:10.1068/dst3
  • Sylvester, C. (1999). The Classical Idea of Leisure: Cultural Ideal or Class Prejudice? Leisure Sciences, 21(1), 3-16. doi:10.1080/014904099273255
  • Timofeeva, O. (2017). Freedom is Slavery. Crisis & Critique, 4(1), 425-445. http://crisiscritique.org/2017/march/Oxana%20Timofeeva.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Van Gogh, V. (1885). The Potato Eaters [Yağlı Boya]. Van Gogh Müzesi, Amsterdam, Hollanda. https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0005V1962 adresinden alındı
  • Verboven, K. (2012). Attitudes to work and workers in classical Greece and Greece and Rom. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis(11), 67-87.
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2007). Free Spaces: Identity, Experience and Democracy in Classical Athens. The Classical Quarterly, 57(1), 33-52. doi:10.1017/S0009838807000031
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2009). Slavery, freedom and citizenship in classical Athens: beyond a legalistic approach. European Review of History: Revue Europeenne D’histoire, 16(3), 347–363. doi:10.1080/13507480902916852
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2011). Greek slavery: From Domination to Property and Back Again. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 131, 115-130. doi:10.1017/S0075426911000085
  • Wedin, T., & Wilén, C. (2020). Ancient equality against modern democracy: resources of critique in Hannah Arendt and Ellen Meiksins Wood. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 21(1), 19-45. doi:10.1080/1600910X.2019.1653347
  • Wood, E. M. (2008). Kapitalizm Demokrasiye Karşı: Tarihsel Maddeciliğin Yeniden Yorumlanması. (Ş. Artan, Çev.) İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Wood, E. M. (2013). Yurttaşlardan Lordlara: Eskiçağdan Ortaçağa Batı Siyasal Düşüncesinin Toplumsal Tarihi (2 b.). (O. Köymen, Çev.) İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Woods, S. (1999). Is Freedom Slavery. The Iowa Review, 29(3), 36-45. doi:10.17077/0021-065X.5194
  • Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. (2009). Freed slaves, their status and state control in Ancient Greece. European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, 16(3), 303-318. doi:10.1080/13507480902916779

Eleutheria as a Revelation that Echoes Dominancy

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 454 - 480, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1162171

Abstract

This article will examine what eleutheria meant in Ancient Greece, what kind of sovereignty it
established and what kind of politics it created. In the first part of the research, semantic studies on the
concept of eleutheria will be discussed and the etymological analyses and conceptual interpretations
discussed here, will form the basis of the whole study. The second part will look at how the freedom
defined by eleutheria is related to citizenship, eleutheria’s connection with labor (ponos), and the
impacts of excluding slaves from citizenship despite their significant labor contribution in Ancient
Greece. The last part of the research will focus on how slaves participated in and interacted with their
position in Athens. It will also examine the structure of freedom that reinforces slavery and how this
structure affects the degree of sovereignty among the poleis. The purpose of this research is to reach a
conclusion that the belongingness that eleutheria has in its core, transforms freedom into a relationship
of sovereignty and involvement, and therefore it cannot refer to the absence of slavery or sovereignty

References

  • Ağaoğulları, M. A. (2004). Kent Devletinden İmparatorluğa. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Albanidis, E., & Evangelia, V. (2008). The Eleutheria (Liberation Games) of Plataea in Ancient Greece. Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism, 15, 49-52. https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/71406/edition/86749 adresinden alındı
  • Aristoteles. (1985). Metafizik. (A. Arslan, Çev.) İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Aristoteles. (1997). Nikomakhos’a Etik. (S. Babür, Çev.) Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
  • Balme, M. (1984). Attitudes to Work and Leisure in Ancient Greece. Greece and Rome, 31(2), 140-152. doi:10.1017/S0017383500028515
  • Borges, J. L. (2014). Dantevari Denemeler - Shakespeare'in Belleği. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (2005). İktidarın Psişik Yaşamı: Tabiyet Üzerine Teoriler. (F. Tütüncü, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Cartledge, P. A. (1988). Serfdom in classical Greece. L. Archer içinde, Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour (s. 33-41). New York: Routledge.
  • Cassin, E. A. (2014). Eleutheria. J. Lezra, & M. Wood içinde, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (s. 250-257). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Castoriadis, C., & Arato, A. (1978). From Marx to Aristotle, from Aristotle to Us. Social Research, 45(4), 667-738.
  • Cholbi, M. (2023). Philosophical Approaches to Work and Labor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/work-labor adresinden alındı
  • Cuffel, V. (1966). The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery. Journal of the History of Ideas, 27(3), 323-342. doi:10.2307/2708589
  • Deene, M. (2011). Naturalized Citizens and Social Mobility in Classical Athens: The Case of Apollodorus. Greece and Rome, 58(2), 159–175. doi:10.1017/s0017383511000039
  • Edge, M. (2013). Freedom (eleutheria). R. Bagnall, K. Brodersen, C. B. Champion, A. Erskine, & S. Huebner içinde, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04116
  • Edge, M. (2019). Equality for Equals. Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek and Roman Political Thought, 36(2), 191-215. doi:10.1163/20512996-12340207
  • Fanon, F. (2016). Siyah Deri Beyaz Maskeler. (C. Koytak, Çev.) İstanbul: Encore Yayınları.
  • Filonik, J. (2019). “Living as One Wishes” in Athens: The (Anti-)Democratic Polemics. Classical Philology, 114(1), 1-24. doi:10.1086/701112
  • Finley, M. I. (1964). Between Slavery and Freedom. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), 233-249. doi:10.1017/s0010417500002140
  • Foucault, M. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler (2 b.). İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Galeano, E. (2014). Latin Amerika'nın Kesik Damarları. (H. Hakmen, & A. Tokatlı, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayınları.ö
  • Hansen, M. H. (2010). Democratic freedom and the concept of freedom in Plato and Aristotle. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 50(1), 1-27. https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/13041 adresinden alındı
  • Janik, J. (2003). Eleutheria in Greek Literature of 5 B.C, Freedom and Its Limits in the Ancient World. Electrum, 9, 11-20.
  • Küçüker, S. D. (2019). Thukydides’in Tarih’i Ekseninde Klasik Hellen Polis’lerinin Siyasi Statüsü. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(3), 719-738. doi:10.33630/ausbf.552637
  • Kyrtatas, D. J. (2011). Slavery and economy in the Greek world. P. Cartledge, & K. R. Bradley içinde, Cambridge World History of Slavery (Cilt 1, s. 91-111). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.007
  • Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Le Guin, U. K. (2017). Yerdeniz Büyücüsü – Yerdeniz Üçlemesi 1. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Mirhady, D. C. (1996). Torture and rhetoric in Athens. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 116, 119–131. doi:doi:10.2307/631959
  • Moore, G. (2011). The Eternal Return of the Gift: Deleuze (and Derrida) contra Lacan. Politics of the Gift: Exchanges in Postructurualism (s. 32-72). içinde Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748642021.003.0003
  • Morrisson, I. (2018). Nietzsche on guilt: Dependency, debt, and imperfection. European Journal of Philosophy(26), 974-990. doi:10.1111/ejop.12317
  • Nederman, C. J. (2008). Men at Work: Poesis, Politics and Labor in Aristotle and Some Aristotelians. Analyse & Kritik, 30(1), 17-31. doi:doi.org/10.1515/auk-2008-0102
  • Okyere, M. K. (2017). Asante An Outline of Labour in Plato’s Thought. Journal of Advocacy, Research and Education, 4(2), 86-95.
  • Sears, M. A. (2015). Thucydides, Rousseau, and Forced Freedom: Brasidas’ Speech at Acanthus. Phoenix, 69(3/4), 242-267. doi:10.7834/phoenix.69.3-4.0242
  • Silagadze, A. (2019). Plato on Economic Foundations of an "Ideal State". Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 13(2), 141-145.
  • Silver, M. (2006). Slaves versus free hired workers in ancient Greece. Historia, 55(3), 257-263. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436815 adresinden alındı
  • Sloterdijk, P. (2009). Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the Letter on Humanism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27(1), 12-28. doi:10.1068/dst3
  • Sylvester, C. (1999). The Classical Idea of Leisure: Cultural Ideal or Class Prejudice? Leisure Sciences, 21(1), 3-16. doi:10.1080/014904099273255
  • Timofeeva, O. (2017). Freedom is Slavery. Crisis & Critique, 4(1), 425-445. http://crisiscritique.org/2017/march/Oxana%20Timofeeva.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Van Gogh, V. (1885). The Potato Eaters [Yağlı Boya]. Van Gogh Müzesi, Amsterdam, Hollanda. https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0005V1962 adresinden alındı
  • Verboven, K. (2012). Attitudes to work and workers in classical Greece and Greece and Rom. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis(11), 67-87.
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2007). Free Spaces: Identity, Experience and Democracy in Classical Athens. The Classical Quarterly, 57(1), 33-52. doi:10.1017/S0009838807000031
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2009). Slavery, freedom and citizenship in classical Athens: beyond a legalistic approach. European Review of History: Revue Europeenne D’histoire, 16(3), 347–363. doi:10.1080/13507480902916852
  • Vlassopoulos, K. (2011). Greek slavery: From Domination to Property and Back Again. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 131, 115-130. doi:10.1017/S0075426911000085
  • Wedin, T., & Wilén, C. (2020). Ancient equality against modern democracy: resources of critique in Hannah Arendt and Ellen Meiksins Wood. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 21(1), 19-45. doi:10.1080/1600910X.2019.1653347
  • Wood, E. M. (2008). Kapitalizm Demokrasiye Karşı: Tarihsel Maddeciliğin Yeniden Yorumlanması. (Ş. Artan, Çev.) İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Wood, E. M. (2013). Yurttaşlardan Lordlara: Eskiçağdan Ortaçağa Batı Siyasal Düşüncesinin Toplumsal Tarihi (2 b.). (O. Köymen, Çev.) İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Woods, S. (1999). Is Freedom Slavery. The Iowa Review, 29(3), 36-45. doi:10.17077/0021-065X.5194
  • Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. (2009). Freed slaves, their status and state control in Ancient Greece. European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, 16(3), 303-318. doi:10.1080/13507480902916779
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Haktan Kalır 0000-0001-7595-8000

Publication Date September 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kalır, H. (2023). Köleliği Var Eden Bir Özgürlük Tanımı Olarak Eleutheria. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 454-480. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1162171