ULUSLARARASI SERMAYE AKIMLARININ KONTROLÜ VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMI HAKKINDA BİR İNCELEME

Year 2013, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 85 - 109, 27.06.2013

Arif Söylemez , Server Demirci

https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.112

Abstract

1973’te Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Almanya, Kanada, İsviçre ve Hollanda, 1979’da ise İngiltere ve Japonya sermaye hesapları üzerindeki kontrolleri kaldırmıştır. Böylece 1970’ler boyunca ilk olarak gelişmiş ekonomilerde bir finansal serbestleştirme hareketi ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu finansal serbestleştirme hareketlerine, yurtiçi yatırımları için dış finansman sağlayabilmek ümidiyle 1980'li yıllarda Türkiye, Meksika, Arjantin, Endonezya, Tayland, Malezya gibi gelişmekte olan ülkeler de dahil olmuştur. Neticede son kırk yılda birçok ülke uluslararası sermayenin hareketliliğini engelleyebilecek düzenlemeleri ortadan kaldırmıştır. Bu süreçte IMF ve Dünya Bankası gibi uluslararası örgütlerin yakın geçmişe değin uluslararası sermaye hareketliliğinin artırılması gerektiği yönünde bir uzlaşıya sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Teorik olarak ise iktisat literatüründe uluslararası sermayeye tam serbesti sağlanması gerektiğini savunan fikirler yanında kontrolü savunan yaklaşımlar da öteden beri mevcuttur. 2008 yılında yaşanan ve Amerika ile Euro Alanı gibi gelişmiş ekonomik merkezleri vuran küresel finansal çöküşün ardından, IMF ve Dünya Bankası gibi uluslararası örgütler de dahil olmak üzere, artık tam serbestiyi destekleyenlerin sayısı giderek azalmış ve bazı hallerde uluslararası sermayenin kontrolünün daha iyi sonuçlar verebileceği düşüncesi hakim düşünce haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda benzer bir düşünsel yönelim Avrupa Birliği’nde de ortaya çıkmış ve çeşitli uygulamalar hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu makale sermaye hareketleri hakkındaki literatür ile sermaye kontrolüne ilişkin çeşitli yöntemleri özetlemekte ve Avrupa Birliği’ndeki sermaye kontrolü tartışmaları ile uygulamalarını incelemektedir

Keywords

Uluslararası sermaye akımları, McKinnon-Shaw hipotezi, piyasa yanlışları, Tobin vergisi

ULUSLARARASI SERMAYE AKIMLARININ KONTROLÜ VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMI HAKKINDA BİR İNCELEME

Abstract

In 1973, the United States of America, Germany, Canada, Switzerland and Holland and then, in 1979, Japan and England abolished the controls on their capital accounts. Thus, a financial liberalization movement emerged initially in the developed countries. Developing countries such as Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia joined the financial liberalization movement in 1980s hoping to raise external capital for the domestic investments. In the end, numerous countries discarded in the last forty years the regulations that could hinder the mobility of international capital. It is known that international organizations such as IMF and the World Bank had a consensus view on the need for increasing the mobility of international capital until recent past. However, from a theoretical standpoint, views for managing international capital flows always existed in the economics literature along with the views advocating perfect capital mobility. In the aftermath of the global financial collapse which hit the advanced economic centers such as the United States and the Euro Area in 2008, number of the advocates of perfect capital mobility - including the IMF and the World Bank decreased and the view that management of capital flows might result in better ends became the dominanting view. In this context, a similar intellectual tendency emerged in the European Union and some practices came into effect. This article summarizes the literature on capital movements along with various methods of capital controls and reviews the discussions and implementations within the European Union regarding the capital controls.

Keywords

International capital flows, McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis, market failures, Tobin tax

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