FIRST OBJECT RELATIONS AND EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS IN ADULTHOOD

Year 2022, Volume: 17 Issue: 57, 316 - 339, 30.01.2022

Haydeh Faraji , Elif Başçelik

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.936710

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Both object relations theory and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are related to the quality of the bond established with the first objects. This bond affects on the psychological structures of the individuals, their choice of romantic partners and the relationship processes with these romantic partners in adulthood, by creating a template for the future. In this study, the relationship between first object relations and EMSs was examined. In order to examine the relationship between these two concepts, Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) and personal information form were applied to a sample of 501 people living in Istanbul. According to our results, there was a significant correlation between object relations and EMSs. After the regression analyzes that we conducted it was found that object relations subscales predicts EMSs.

Keywords

Object relations, Early maladaptive schemas, First objects

YETİŞKİNLİK DÖNEMİNDE İLK NESNE İLİŞKİLERİ VE ERKEN DÖNEM UYUM BOZUCU ŞEMALAR

Abstract

Hem nesne ilişkileri teorisi hem de erken uyum bozucu şemalar, ilk nesnelerle kurulan bağın kalitesiyle ilgilidir. Bu bağ, gelecek için bir şablon oluşturarak bireylerin psikolojik yapılarını, romantik partner seçimlerini ve bu romantik partnerlerle yetişkinlikteki ilişki süreçlerini etkiler. Bu çalışmada, ilk nesne ilişkileri ile erken uyum bozucu şemalar arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla İstanbul’da yaşayan 501 kişilik bir örnekleme Bell Nesne İlişkileri ve Gerçeği Değerlendirme Ölçeği (BORRTI), Young Şema Ölçeği-Kısa Form 3 (YŞÖ-KF3) ve kişisel bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlarımıza göre, nesne ilişkileri ile erken uyum bozucu şemaların ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Yaptığımız regresyon analizleri sonucunda nesne ilişkileri alt boyutlarının erken uyum bozucu şemaları yordadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Nesne ilişkileri, Erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar, İlk nesneler

References

• Akyüz, C. (2018). Nesne İlişkileri Kuramı Çerçevesinden Sınır (Borderline) Kişilik Örüntüsüne Bakış: Vaka Örneği ile Temel Savunma Mekanizmalarının Yorumlanması. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 1–19.
• Akyüz, Y. (2012). Türk eğitim tarihi. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Azadi, S., Khosravani, V., Naragon-Gainey, K., Bastan, F. S., Mohammadzadeh, A., & Ghorbani, F. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas are associated with increased suicidal risk among individuals with schizophrenia, International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(4), 274-291.
• Barrowclough, C., Gregg, L., Lobban, F., Bucci, S., & Emsley, R. (2015). The impact of cannabis use on clinical outcomes in recent onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 382-390.
• Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Lowens, I., Allott, R., Earnshaw, P., Fitzsimmons, M., et al. (2007). Psychosis and drug and alcohol problems. A. Baker & R. Velleman (Eds.), Clinical Handbook of Co-existing Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Problems. London: Bruner Routledge.
• Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.
• Baskett, L. M. (1985). Sibling status effects: Adult expectations. Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 441-445.
• Behary, W.T. (2017). Narsistle ateşkes (Caner, M & Azizlerli, N. Çev.), İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları.
• Bell, M. D. (1995). Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) Manual. California: Western Psychological Services.
• Berry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. (2007). A review of the role of adult attachment style in psychosis: Unexplored issues and questions for further research. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 458–475.
• Bianchin, M., & Angrilli, A. (2012). Gender differences in emotional responses: a psychophysiological study. Physiology & Behavior, 105(4), 925-932.
• Bojed, F. B. & Nikmanesh, Z., (2013). Role of early maladaptive schemas on addiction potential in youth. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addictation, 2(2), 72-76. doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.10148.
• Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J. P., Gely-Nargeot, M. C., & Raffard, S. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 361-366.
• Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(5), 374-385.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental Psychiatry Comes of Age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(1), 1–10.
• Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276–298.
• Calabrese, M.L., Farber, B.A. & Westen, D. (2005). The relationship of adult attachment constructs to object relational patterns of representing self and others. Journal of The American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 33 (3), 513-530.
• Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 85-99.
• Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non‐clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(4), 333-349.
• Coleman, D., Lawrence, R., Parekh, A., Galfalvy, H., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Brent, D. A., ... & Oquendo, M. A. (2017). Narcissistic personality disorder and suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Journal of psychiatric research, 85, 24-28.
• Conrad, R., Forstner, A. J., Chung, M. L., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Carnehl, F. (2021). Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 21(1), 1-9.
• Çakırca, F. (2020). Kişilerin erken dönem uyumsuz şemaları ve öfke kontrol düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Çoban, H., & İrmiş, A. (2018). Yöneticilerde narsisizm üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(1), 123-146.
• Derin, G., & Öztürk, E. (2018). Dissosiyatif bozukluklar ve sınırda (borderline) kişilik bozukluğunda ruhsal travma. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 29-42.
• Dickinson, K. & Pincus, A. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 188- 207.
• Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Koster, E. H., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder features in a nonclinical sample: A network analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 388-398.
• Eşici, H. (2014). Romantik ilişki kalitesinin erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, bağlanma ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlar açısından incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Frías, Á., Baltasar, I., & Birmaher, B. (2016). Comorbidity between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: prevalence, explanatory theories, and clinical impact. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 210-219.
• Frias, A., Navarro, S., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Aliaga, F., & et al. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas associated with dimensional and categorical psychopathology in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(1), 1- 12.
• Frias, A., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Gonzalez, L., & Horta, A. (2016). Anxious adult attachment may mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder: Anxious adult attachment. Personality and Mental Health, 10(4), 274–284.
• Frías, Á., Palma, C., Solves, L., Martínez, B., & Salvador, A. (2017). Differential symptomatology and functioning in borderline personality disorder across age groups. Psychiatry Research, 258, 44-50.
• Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Kuipers, E. (2007). Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper. Psychological Medicine, 37(10), 1377– 1391.
• Genç, G. (2020). Çift ilişkisinde evlilik uyumunun nesne ilişkileri ve bağlanma açısından incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Giromini, L., Ales, F., Campora, G., Zennaro, A., & Pignolo, C. (2017). Developing age and gender adjusted normative reference values for the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(4), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-017-9611-0
• Gök, A. C. (2012). Associated Factors of Psychological Well-Being: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Schema Coping Processes and Parenting Styles. (Master’s Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Gregg, L., Barrowclough, C., & Haddock, G. (2007). Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis. Clinical psychology review, 27(4), 494-510.
• Gürol Işık, İ. (2016). Object relations, perceived parental rearing styles, and defense mechanisms in relation to personality traits and symptoms of personality disorders (Doctorial Dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment ğrocess, Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
• Hesse, K., Kriston, L., Mehl, S., Wittorf, A., Wiedemann, W., Wölwer, W., & Klingberg, S. (2015). The vicious cycle of family atmosphere, interpersonal self-concepts, and paranoia in schizophrenia- a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4(6), 1403-1412.
• Huprich, S. K., Porcerelli, J. H., Binienda, J., Karana, D., & Kamoo, R. (2007). Parental representations, object relations and their relationship to depressive personality disorder and dysthymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 2171-2181.
• Huxley, E., & Bizumic, B. (2017). Parental invalidation and the development of narcissism. The Journal of Psychology, 151(2), 130-147.
• Huxley, E., Seaton, D. C., & Grenyer, B. F. (2021). Remembered childhood invalidation as a predictor of narcissism, personality functioning, and wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110-123.
• Kartopu, S. (2013). Narsisizmin dindarlık eğilimleriyle ilişkisi: Gümüşhane üniversitesi örneği. International Journal of Social Science, 6(6), 625-649.
• Kernberg, O. (2004). Aggressivity, Narcissism, and Self-Destructiveness in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship: New Developments in the Psychopathology and Psychotherapy of Severe Personality Disorders. Nev Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Kernberg, O. F. (1985). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Kesting, M. L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2013). The relevance of self-esteem and self-schemas to persecutory delusions: a systematic review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(7), 766-789.
• Kıray, Ş. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde cinsel tutum, ebeveyn tutumları ve erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar arasındaki ilişkiler. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Kıbrıs.
• Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 27, 99-110.
• Klein, M. (2011). Haset ve Şükran. (Koçak, O. & Erten, Y. Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları (Original work published 1957).
• Koçak, Ş. (2019). Yetişkinlerin yalnızlık düzeyleri ve benlik algıları ile nesne ilişkileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Kohut, H. (1977). Restoration of the self. New York: International University Press.
• Kohut, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis an examination of the relationship between mode of observation and theory. Journal of the American psychoanalytic association, 7(3), 459-483.
• Mamur, B. (2020). Yetişkin bireylerin çocukluk çağı travmaları, nesne ilişkileri ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• McWilliams, N. (2010). Psikanalitik Tanı, Klinik Süreç İçerisinde Kişilik Yapısını Anlamak. (Kalem, E. Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Nilsson, K. K., Jørgensen, C. R., Straarup, K. N., & Licht, R. W. (2010). Severity of affective temperament and maladaptive self‐schemas differentiate borderline patients, bipolar patients, and controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 486–491
• Orgeta, V. (2009). Specificity of age differences in emotion regulation. Aging and Mental Health, 13(6), 818–826.
• Öğünç, N. E., Eren, N., Şahin, D., Temiz, E., & Saydam, M. B. (2018). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunun MMPI profil özellikleri. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 9(3), 161-169.
• Öztürk, M. O., & Uluşahin, A. (2020). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Paulhus, D. L., Trapnell, P. D., & Chen, D. (1999). Birth order effects on personality and achievement within families. Psychological Science, 10(6), 482-488.
• Razavi, V., Soltaninezhad, A. & Rafiee, A., (2012). Comparing of early maladaptive schemas between healthy and addicted men. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, 14(9), 60-63.
• Roediger, E. (2015). Şema Terapi Nedir? Şema Terapinin Temellerine, Modellerine ve Uygulamasına Giriş (Ataman, S. Çev.), Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Roper, L., Dickson, J. M., Tinwell, C., Booth, P. G., & McGuire, J. (2010). Maladaptive cognitive schemas in alcohol dependence: Changes associated with a brief residential abstinence program. Cognitive therapy and research, 34(3), 207-215.
• Sağlam, N. (2016). Young Şema Modeli’ne Göre Aleksitimi Kavramının İncelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Okan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Sajadi, S. F., Arshadi, N., Zargar, Y., Mehrabizade Honarmand, M., & Hajjari, Z. (2015). Borderline personality features in students: The predicting role of schema, emotion regulation, dissociative experience and suicidal ideation. International Journal of High Risk Behavior & Addiction, 4, 200-221.
• Shaghaghy, F., Saffarinia, M., Iranpoor, M. & Soltanynejad, A. (2011). The relationship of early maladaptive schemas, attributional styles and learned helplessness among addicted and non-addicted men. Addict & Health, 3(1-2), 45-52
• Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2012). An examination of early maladaptive schemas among substance use treatment seekers and their parents. Contemporary family therapy, 34(3), 429-441.
• Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2014). The relation between antisocial and borderline personality symptoms and early maladaptive schemas in a treatment seeking sample of male substance users. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(4), 341-351.
• Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L. & Anderson, S., (2013). Early maladaptive schemas among young adult male substance abusers: A comparison with a non-clinical group. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44 (5), 522-527. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.001.
• Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L., & Anderson, S. (2013). Do gender differences in depression remain after controlling for early maladaptive schemas? An examination in a sample of opioid dependent treatment seeking adults. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 20(5), 401-410.
• Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L., & Anderson, S. (2014). Differences in early maladaptive schemas between a sample of young adult female substance abusers and a non‐clinical comparison group. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 21(1), 21-28.
• Simeone-DiFrancesco, C., Roediger, E., & Stevens, A. B. (2017). Çiftlerle şema terapi klinisyenin ilişkileri iyileştirme rehberi (Danışman, I.G. Çev), Ankara, Nobel.
• Simeone-DiFrancesco, C., Roediger, E., & Stevens, B. A. (2015). Schema therapy with couples: A practitioner's guide to healing relationships. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemaların Değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3'ün Psikometrik Özelliklerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
• Suitor, J. J., & Pillemer, K. (2007). Mothers' favoritism in later life: The role of children's birth order. Research on Aging, 29(1), 32-55.
• Summers, F. (1994). Object Relations Theories and Psychopathology: A Comphrehensive Text. London: The Analytic Press.
• Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos Marques, A., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Elucidating the role of early maladaptive schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238.,53-59.
• Thimm, J. C. (2010). Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), 52-59.
• Tiernan, B., Tracey, R., & Shannon, C. (2014). Paranoia and self-concepts in psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Research, 216(3), 303-313.
• Tremblay, P.F., & Dozois, D.J.A. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Overlap with early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 569-574.
• Tunç, P. & Eren, N. (2019). Psychodynamic formulation in borderline personality disorder: A case study. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 123-133.
• Uluç, S., Tüzün, Z., Haselden, M., & Erbaş, S. P. (2015). Bell Nesne İlişkileri ve Gerçeği Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (BORTTI) Türkçe'ye Uyarlama Çalışması. Klinik Psikiyatri, 18, 112-123.
• Westen, D., Lohr, N., Silk, K. R., Gold, L. & Kerber, K. (1990). Object relations and social cognition in borderlines, major depressives and normals: a thematic apperception test analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 355-364.
• Yalım, B. (2017). Aynı mesleği seçen üniversite öğrencileri ile birbirinden farklı meslekleri seçen üniversite öğrencilerinin erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalarının ve anksiyete düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Yang, H., Lei, X., Zhong, M., Zhou, Q., Ling, Y., Jungkunz, M., & Yi, J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the brief borderline symptom list in undergraduate students and clinical patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 605-615.
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: The Guildford Press.
• Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
• Young, J.E., & Klosko, J.S. (1993). Reinventing your life: how to break free from negative life patterns. New York: Dutton.