TÜRK BANKALARININ FAİZ DIŞI GELİRLERİ VE TCMB YASAL DÜZENLEMELERİNİN ETKİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 63, 99 - 116, 27.01.2025

Olcay Demirboğa , Aykut Şengül

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1552849

Abstract

Fon açığı ve fon fazlası olanları bir araya getiren bankalar, karlarının maksimizasyonu amacıyla gelirlerini de maksimize etmek isterler. Bu amaçla temel gelirleri olan faiz ve temettü gelirlerinin yanı sıra faiz dışı gelir getirici hizmetlere de büyük önem vermektedirler. Çalışmada Türk bankacılık sektörünün faiz dışı gelirlerinin temel belirleyicileri olabilecek faktörlerin faiz dışı gelirler üzerindeki etkisi panel veri kullanılarak bir veri seti üzerinde analiz edilmiştir. Buna göre, Türk bankacılık sektöründe faiz dışı geliri belirleyen faktörler, 19 banka ve 11 yıllık bir veri seti kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz, net faiz marjı, kredilerin aktife oranı, aktif büyüme oranı, sermaye yeterlilik oranı, öz kaynak karlılığı gibi bankaya özgü değişkenler ile enflasyonun faiz dışı gelir üzerinde önemli bir negatif etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna karşın; aktif karlılık oranı ve gayrisafi yurt içi hasıladaki değişimlerin ise faiz dışı gelir üzerinde pozitif anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, TCMB'nin 2020 yılında ücret, masraf ve komisyonlara ilişkin düzenlemelerinin, özellikle kamu bankaları olmak üzere, Türk bankacılık sektörünün faiz dışı gelir oranını etkilemesi öngörülmektedir. Çalışmanın, bankacılık sektörü için bir düzenleme seti geliştirirken, düzenleyici otoriteler tarafından bankaların faiz dışı gelirlerini etkileyebilecek olası politikalara ilişkin literatüre de katkı sağlayabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

faiz dışı gelir, ücret geliri, net faiz marjı, panel veri analizi

TURKISH BANKS' NON-INTEREST INCOME AND THE IMPACT OF THE CBRT REGULATIONS

Abstract

Banks, which serve to facilitate the transfer of funds between deficit and surplus positions, seek to maximize their income in order to maximize their profits. In order to achieve this, banks attach great importance to the generation of non-interest income as well as interest and fee income, which represent their primary sources of revenue. In this study, we analyze the impact of potential determinants of non-interest income in the Turkish banking sector on non- interest income using a panel data set. Accordingly, this study analyses the determinants of non-interest income in the Turkish banking sector using a data set of 19 banks and 11 years. The analysis demonstrates that bank-specific variables, including the net interest margin, loans-to-assets ratio, asset growth rate, capital adequacy ratio, return on equity, and the inflation rate, significantly and negatively impact non-interest income. In contrast, changes in the return on assets and gross domestic product have a positive and significant effect on primary income. Furthermore, the CBRT's regulations on fees, charges and commissions in 2020 are anticipated to influence the non-interest income ratio of the Turkish banking sector, particularly that of public banks. Moreover, the study may also contribute to the academic literature on potential regulatory policies that could impact the primary income of banks.

Keywords

Fee Income, Non-interest Fee Income, Net Interest Marjin, Panel Data Analysis

References

• Alkan, U., & Şengül, A. (2022). TCMB M2 Para Arzı ve Ağırlıklı Ortalama Fonlama Maliyetinin Bankaların Faiz Dışı Gelirlerine Etkisi. Financial Analysis/Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 32(172).
• Antao, S., & Karnik, A. (2022). Bank performance and noninterest income: evidence from countries in the Asian region. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 29(3), 477-505.
• Atellu, A.R. (2012). Determinants of Non-Interest Income in Kenya’s Commercial Banks. University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
• Bailey-Tapper, S. A. (2010). Non-interest Income, Financial Performance & the Macroeconomy: Evidence on Jamaican Panel Data. (Bank of Jamaica, https://www.boj.org.jm/uploads/pdf/papers_pamphlets/papers_pamphlets_Non-interest_Income,_Financial_Performance_&_the_Macroeconomy__Evidence_on_Jamaican_Panel_Data.pdf)
• Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency Official Website. Access: 22 August 2023.: https://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik.
• Brunnermeier, M. K., Dong, G. N., & Palia, D. (2020). Banks’ noninterest income and systemic risk. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 9(2), 229-255.
• Boungou, W., & Mawusi, C. (2022). The impact of economic policy uncertainty on banks' non-interest income activities. International Economics, 169, 89-97.
• Craigwell, R., & Maxwell, C. (2006). Non-interest income and financial performance at commercial banks in Barbados. Savings and Development, 309-328.
• Damankah, B.; Tsede O.; Amankwaa, A. (2014). Analysis of Non-Interest Income of Commercial Banks in Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(4): 263– 271.
• De Young, R.; Rice, T. (2004). Noninterest Income and Financial Performance at U.S. Commercial Banks. The Financial Review, 39, pp.101-127.
• Engle, R. F.; Moshirian, F.; Sahgal, S.; Zhang, B. (2014). Banks Non-Interest Income and Global Financial Stability. CIFR Paper No. 015/2014, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2443181 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2443181
• Hahm, K (2008). Determinants and Consequences of Non-Interest Income Diversification of Commercial Banks in OECD Countries, Journal of International Economic Studies. Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2008.
• Kara, A., Babuşçu, Ş., & Hazar, A. (2021). Türkiye’deki Büyük Ölçekli Mevduat Bankalarında Faiz Dışı Gelirlerin Banka Performansına Etkisi. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3 (1), 62-72. Doi: 10.47899/ijss.20213106
• Kayran, O., & Kıyılar, M. (2021). Türkiye’deki Mevduat Bankalarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma: Bankalarda Gelir Çeşitlendirmesinin Performans Üzerine Etkileri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 419-439.
• Köhler, M. (2013). Does Non-Interest Income Make Banks More Risky? Retail- Versus Investment-Oriented Banks. Discussion Papers 17/2013, Deutsche Bundesbank.
• Le, T. D. (2017). The Interrelationship Between Net Interest Margin and Non-Interest Income: Evidence from Vietnam. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 13(5), 521-540.
• Lepetit, L.; Nys, E.; Rous, P.; Tarazi, A. (2008). Bank Income Structure and Risk: An Empirical Analysis of European Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(8), 1452-1467. Meslier, C.; Tacneng, R.; Tarazi, A. (2014). Is Bank Income Diversification Beneficial? Evidence from An Emerging Economy. Journal of International Financial Market. Institutions and Money, 31, 97-126.
• Meyappan, L. (2017). Determinants of Non-Interest Income in Malaysian Banking Industry: A Comparative Analysis on CIMB Bank and RHB Bank. University Utara, Malaysia.
• Özek, P. (2017). Non-Traditional Activities and Funding Structures: An Analysis of Commercial Banks in Turkey. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 53-70.
• Pennathur, A.K.; Subrah, M.V. (2012). Income Diversification and Risk: Does Ownership Matter? An Empirical Examination of Indian Banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 36, No.4, pp. 2203-2215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.03.021.
• Rogers, K.; Sinkey Jr., J.F. (1999). An Analysis of Nontraditional Activities at U.S. Commercial Banks. Review of Financial Economics, 8, 25-39.
• Shanmugam, M. (2023). Does economic policy uncertainty affect banks’ non-interest income in India? Journal of Social and Economic Development, 25(2), 261-276.
• Stiroh, K.J.; Rumble A. (2006). The Dark Side of Diversification: The Case of US Financial Holding Companies. Journal of Banking & Finance 30: 2131-2161.
• Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2016). Türkiye’de Bankacılık Sistemi Üç Aylık Dönemler İtibariyle Banka ve Grup Bilgileri. Mart 2016. Ankara.
• Türkiye Bankalar Birliği Resmi İnternet Sitesi. Erişim: 15.03.2024: tbb.org
• Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Resmi İnternet Sitesi. Erişim: 3.5.2024: https://merint5.tcmb.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Sayfalar/Mevzuat.aspx?t=tebligler
• Thatch, N. N., TN Nguyen, D., & V. Doan, H. (2022). The Determinants of Non-Interest Income of Banks with Dominant State Capital in Vietnam. Prediction and Causality in Econometrics and Related Topics, 229-240.
• Tshweneyagae, K. (2016). The Determinants of Non-Interest and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Botswana. University of Botswana Masters Thesis. Botswana.
• Vithyea, Y. (2014). The Linkage Between Bank Net Interest Margin and Non-Interest Income: The Case of The Cambodian Banking Industry. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2542467
• Williams B.; Rajaguru G., (2012). The Chicken or the Egg? The Trade-off Between Bank Fee Income and Net Interest Margins. Australian Journal of Management, 38(1) 99– 123.
• Zenebe, T. (2018). Determinants of Non-Interest Income in Ethiopian Commercial Banks: The Case of Private Commercial Banks. St. Mary’s University, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.