Elektromanyetik Kirliliğin Sağlığa Etkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 67 - 79, 29.12.2022

Dursun Alper Yılmaz , İbrahim Hakkı Çağıran , Gökhan Dege , Metin Yıldız , Mehmet Salih Yıldırım

Abstract

Çevremizde bulunan; elektrik akımı taşıyan kablolar, radyo frekans dalgaları yayan radyo ve televizyon verici ve alıcıları, cep telefonu baz istasyonları, yüksek gerilim hatları, trafolar, tüm elektrikle çalışan cihazlar elektromanyetik alan oluştururlar ve aynı zamanda kirlilik kaynaklıdır. Elektromanyetik alan kaynakları; telekomünikasyon alanında doğrudan rafyo frekans sinyalleri üzerinden haberleşme sağlamak için kullanılan cihazlardan yayılan dalgalar ile birlikte, amacı ortama herhangi bir elektromanyetik dalga yaymak olmayan ancak işleyişi için gerekli enerjinin kullanımı nedeniyle oluşan ve cihaz dışına yayılması önlenemeyen istenmeyen dalgaları yayan tüm cihazları içine alan geniş bir tanım olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Halen etki mekanizmaları tam olarak açıklanmamış olan elektromanyetik alanların, hücrelerde hücre zarındaki reseptörlerin elektromanyetik alanlara duyarlı oldukları ve bu reseptörler üzerinden etkili oldukları düşünülmektedir. Hücrelerin iyonik yapıları üzerine etki eden elektromanyetik alanlar, hücre içerisinde iyonik değişimler ve dengesizlikler oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu değişimler hücrede RNA transkripsiyonu ve DNA sentezinde bozukluklar oluşturmasının yanı sıra hücrenin nörotransmitter ve hormonal uyarılara yanıtında da değişiklikler oluşturmaktadır. Bu etkiler genel olarak uzun dönemli maruziyet sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Elektromanyetik alanların insanlar üzerindeki biyolojik etkileri hakkında birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalardan bazılarında, Elektromanyetik alanların kalp, vücut sıcaklığı ve kanın biyokimyasal değerleri üzerine etkileri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Buna karşın elektromanyetik alanların oluşturduğu elektriksel alan değerlerine kıyasla çok daha büyük enerjilerin vücudumuzdaki kimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucu oluştuğu gerçeğinden hareketle, vücudumuzdaki enerjiye oranla oldukça düşük kalan bu enerjinin DNA üzerinde kalıcı değişikliklere (mutasyon vb.) sebep olamayacağı da öne sürülen bir başka görüş de mevcuttur.

Keywords

Elektromanyetik Alan, Elektromanyetik Kirlilik, Sağlık

Effects of Electromagnetic Pollution on Health

Abstract

Cables carrying electric current, radio and television transmitters and receivers emitting radio frequency waves, cell phone base stations, high voltage lines, transformers, in short, all electrical devices around us create electromagnetic fields and are also caused by pollution. Electromagnetic field sources; It is a broad definition that includes all devices that emit unwanted waves whose purpose is not to emit any electromagnetic waves to the environment, but which cannot be prevented from spreading outside the device. comes out. It is thought that electromagnetic fields, whose mechanisms of action are still not fully explained, are sensitive to electromagnetic fields and act on these receptors. Electromagnetic fields acting on the ionic structures of cells create ionic changes and imbalances within the cell. These effects generally occur as a result of long-term exposure. Many studies have been conducted on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields on humans. In some of these studies, it has been shown that electromagnetic fields have effects on the heart, body temperature and biochemical values of the blood. On the other hand, based on the fact that much larger energies are formed as a result of chemical reactions in our body compared to the electrical field values created by electromagnetic fields, there is another view that claims that this energy, which is very low compared to the energy in our body, cannot cause permanent changes (mutation, etc.) on DNA.

Keywords

Electromagnetic Field, Electromagnetic Pollution, Health

References

• Akan, Z., Aksu, B., Tulunay, A., Bilsel, S., & Inhan‐Garip, A. (2010). Extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields affect the immune response of monocyte‐derived macrophages to pathogens. Bioelectromagnetics, 31(8), 603-612.
• Atasoy, A., Sevim, Y., Kaya, I., Yilmaz, M., Durmus, A., Sonmez, M., Omay, S., Ozdemir, F., & Ovali, E. (2009). The effects of electromagnetic fields on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Bratisl Lek Listy, 110(9), 526-529.
• Baldi, I., Coureau, G., Jaffré, A., Gruber, A., Ducamp, S., Provost, D., Lebailly, P., Vital, A., Loiseau, H., & Salamon, R. (2011). Occupational and residential exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of brain tumors in adults: a case–control study in Gironde, France. International Journal of Cancer, 129(6), 1477-1484.
• Banik, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Ganguly, S. (2003). Bioeffects of microwave––a brief review. Bioresource Technology, 87(2), 155-159.
• Belyaev, I. (2005). Nonthermal biological effects of microwaves: current knowledge, further perspective, and urgent needs. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24(3), 375-403.
• Bonomini, F., & Rezzani, R. (2010). Aquaporin and blood brain barrier. Current Neuropharmacology, 8(2), 92-96.
• Brusick, D., Albertini, R., McRee, D., Peterson, D., Williams, G., Hanawalt, P., & Preston, J. (1998). Genotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 32(1), 1-16.
• Burr, H. S., & Northrop, F. S. C. (1935). The electro-dynamic theory of life. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 10(3), 322-333.
• Consales, C., Merla, C., Marino, C., & Benassi, B. (2012). Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. International Journal of Cell Biology, 2012.
• Coşkun, Ş., Balabanlı, B., Canseven, A., & Seyhan, N. (2009). Effects of continuous and intermittent magnetic fields on oxidative parameters in vivo. Neurochemical Research, 34(2), 238-243.
• Daneman, R., & Prat, A. (2015). The blood–brain barrier. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(1), a020412.
• DosSantos, M. F., Holanda-Afonso, R. C., Lima, R. L., DaSilva, A. F., & Moura-Neto, V. (2014). The role of the blood–brain barrier in the development and treatment of migraine and other pain disorders. Frontiers In Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 302.
• Draper, G., Vincent, T., Kroll, M. E., & Swanson, J. (2005). Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. BMJ, 330(7503), 1290.
• Elliott, P., Toledano, M. B., Bennett, J., Beale, L., De Hoogh, K., Best, N., & Briggs, D. (2010). Mobile phone base stations and early childhood cancers: case-control study. BMJ, 340.
• Feng, Y., Zhou, Z., Fei, Q., & Wang, Y. (2022). RF-EMF Exposure Emitted From Mobile/cellular Phone and Risk of Glioma, Meningioma and Acoustic Neuroma: A Meta-analysis. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1249762/v1
• Foletti, A., Lisi, A., Ledda, M., de Carlo, F., & Grimaldi, S. (2009). Cellular ELF signals as a possible tool in informative medicine. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 28(1), 71-79.
• Ghezel-Ahmadi, D., Engel, A., Weidemann, J., Budnik, L. T., Baur, X., Frick, U., Hauser, S., & Dahmen, N. (2010). Heavy metal exposure in patients suffering from electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Science of The Total Environment, 408(4), 774-778.
• Giannoni, P., Badaut, J., Dargazanli, C., De Maudave, A. F. H., Klement, W., Costalat, V., & Marchi, N. (2018). The pericyte–glia interface at the blood–brain barrier. Clinical Science, 132(3), 361-374.
• Giladi, M., Porat, Y., Blatt, A., Wasserman, Y., Kirson, E. D., Dekel, E., & Palti, Y. (2008). Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52(10), 3517-3522.
• Goodman, R., Bassett, C., & Henderson, A. S. (1983). Pulsing electromagnetic fields induce cellular transcription. Science, 220(4603), 1283-1285.
• Goodman, R., & Henderson, A. S. (1988). Exposure of salivary gland cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields alters polypeptide synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(11), 3928-3932.
• Hallberg, Ö., & Morgan, L. (2011). The potential impact of mobile phone use on trends in brain and CNS tumors. J Neurol Neurophysiol S, 5.
• Hardell, L. (2018). Effects of mobile phones on children's and adolescents’ health: A commentary. Child Development, 89(1), 137-140.
• Hardell, L., & Sage, C. (2008). Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 62(2), 104-109.
• Haseloff, R. F., Dithmer, S., Winkler, L., Wolburg, H., & Blasig, I. E. (2015). Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Seminars In Cell & Developmental Biology, 38, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004
• Heinrich, S., Thomas, S., Heumann, C., von Kries, R., & Radon, K. (2010). Association between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields assessed by dosimetry and acute symptoms in children and adolescents: A population based cross-sectional study. Environmental Health, 9(1), 1-9.
• Hocking, B., Gordon, I. R., Grain, H. L., & Hatfield, G. E. (1996). Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Medical Journal of Australia, 165(11-12), 601-605.
• Iadecola, C. (2017). The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease. Neuron, 96(1), 17-42.
• Inskip, P. D., Tarone, R. E., Hatch, E. E., Wilcosky, T. C., Shapiro, W. R., Selker, R. G., Fine, H. A., Black, P. M., Loeffler, J. S., & Linet, M. S. (2001). Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(2), 79-86.
• Josh, F., Soekamto, T. H., Adriani, J. R., Jonatan, B., Mizuno, H., & Faruk, M. (2021). The combination of stromal vascular fraction cells and platelet-rich plasma reduces malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in deep dermal burn injury. Journal of Inflammation Research, 14, 3049.
• Kanda, M. (2017). Electric-Field Strength. In Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook (pp. 38-31-38-12). CRC Press.
• Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009). Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical Neurology, 72(3), 205-214.
• Kirson, E. D., Schneiderman, R. S., Dbalý, V., Tovaryš, F., Vymazal, J., Itzhaki, A., Mordechovich, D., Gurvich, Z., Shmueli, E., & Goldsher, D. (2009). Chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy and sensitivity are increased by adjuvant alternating electric fields (TTFields). BMC Medical Physics, 9(1), 1-13.
• Kıvrak, E. G., Yurt, K. K., Kaplan, A. A., Alkan, I., & Altun, G. (2017). Effects of electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 5(4), 167-176.
• Kiyatkin, E. A., & Sharma, H. S. (2009). Permeability of the blood–brain barrier depends on brain temperature. Neuroscience, 161(3), 926-939.
• Kowall, B., Breckenkamp, J., Blettner, M., Schlehofer, B., Schüz, J., & Berg-Beckhoff, G. (2012). Determinants and stability over time of perception of health risks related to mobile phone base stations. International Journal of Public Health, 57(4), 735-743.
• Kumar, A. (2003). Nonthermal effects of electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies. CCECE 2003-Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No. 03CH37436),
• Lange, D. G., & Sedmak, J. (1991). Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): potentiation of lethality in mice by microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics, 12(6), 335-348.
• Leal, B. Z., Szilagyi, M., Prihoda, T. J., & Meltz, M. L. (2000). Primary DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiation Research, 153(4), 479-486.
• Lin, H. Y., & Lin, Y. J. (2011). In vitro effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields on osteoblast proliferation and maturation in an inflammatory environment. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(7), 552-560.
• Lin, J. C., Yuan, P. M., & Jung, D. T. (1998). Enhancement of anticancer drug delivery to the brain by microwave induced hyperthermia. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 47(2), 259-264.
• Lowden, A., Åkerstedt, T., Ingre, M., Wiholm, C., Hillert, L., Kuster, N., Nilsson, J. P., & Arnetz, B. (2011). Sleep after mobile phone exposure in subjects with mobile phone‐related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(1), 4-14.
• Maes, A., Collier, M., Van Gorp, U., Vandoninck, S., & Verschaeve, L. (1997). Cytogenetic effects of 935.2-MHz (GSM) microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C. Mutation Research/genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 393(1-2), 151-156.
• Malyapa, R. S., Ahern, E. W., Straube, W. L., Moros, E. G., Pickard, W. F., & Roti, J. L. R. (1997). Measurement of DNA damage after exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the cellular phone communication frequency band (835.62 and 847.74 MHz). Radiation Research, 148(6), 618-627.
• Marino, A. A., & Becker, R. O. (1977). Biological effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review. Physiol Chem Phys, 9(2), 131-147.
• Martínez-Sámano, J., Torres-Duran, P. V., Juárez-Oropeza, M. A., Elias-Vinas, D., & Verdugo-Díaz, L. (2010). Effects of acute electromagnetic field exposure and movement restraint on antioxidant system in liver, heart, kidney and plasma of Wistar rats: a preliminary report. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86(12), 1088-1094.
• Mayer‐Wagner, S., Passberger, A., Sievers, B., Aigner, J., Summer, B., Schiergens, T. S., Jansson, V., & Müller, P. E. (2011). Effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields on the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(4), 283-290.
• Michelozzi, P., Capon, A., Kirchmayer, U., Forastiere, F., Biggeri, A., Barca, A., & Perucci, C. A. (2002). Adult and childhood leukemia near a high-power radio station in Rome, Italy. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(12), 1096-1103.
• Milani, M., Ballerini, M., Ferraro, L., Zabeo, M., Barberis, M., Cannone, M., & Faleri, M. (2001). Magnetic field effects on human lymphocytes. Electro-and Magnetobiology, 20(1), 81-106.
• Mohler, E., Frei, P., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Fröhlich, J., Neubauer, G., Röösli, M., & Team, Q. (2010). Effects of everyday radiofrequency electromagnetic-field exposure on sleep quality: a cross-sectional study. Radiation Research, 174(3), 347-356.
• Morgan, R. W., Kelsh, M. A., Zhao, K., Exuzides, K. A., Heringer, S., & Negrete, W. (2000). Radiofrequency exposure and mortality from cancer of the brain and lymphatic/hematopoietic systems. Epidemiology, 118-127.
• Moriyama, E., Salcman, M., & Broadwell, R. D. (1991). Blood-brain barrier alteration after microwave-induced hyperthermia is purely a thermal effect: I. Temperature and power measurements. Surgical Neurology, 35(3), 177-182.
• Morrissey, J. J. (2008). Possible mechanisms to explain biological effects from low level RF exposure (ie, wireless communication signals). URSI GA 2008 in Chicago Proceedings.
• Mortazavi, S. M., Daiee, E., Yazdi, A., Khiabani, K., Kavousi, A., Vazirinejad, R., Behnejad, B., Ghasemi, M., & Mood, M. B. (2008). Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences : PJBS, 11(8), 1142–1146. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1142.1146
• Ntzouni, M., Stamatakis, A., Stylianopoulou, F., & Margaritis, L. (2011). Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation. Pathophysiology, 18(3), 193-199.
• Okudan, B., Keskin, A. Ü., Aydın, M. A., Cesur, G., Çömlekçi, S., & Süslü, H. (2006). DEXA analysis on the bones of rats exposed in utero and neonatally to static and 50 Hz electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association, 27(7), 589-592.
• Ozguner, M., Koyu, A., Cesur, G., Ural, M., Ozguner, F., Gokcimen, A., & Delibas, N. (2005). Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal, 26(3), 405-410.
• Paksy, K., Thuróczy, G., Forgács, Z., Lázár, P., & Gaáti, I. (2000). Influence of sinusoidal 50-Hz magnetic field on cultured human ovarian granulosa cells. Electro-and Magnetobiology, 19(1), 91-97.
• Panagopoulos, D. J., & Margaritis, L. H. (2010). The effect of exposure duration on the biological activity of mobile telephony radiation. Mutation Research/genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 699(1-2), 17-22.
• Perrin, A., & Souques, M. (2021). Champs électromagnétiques, environnement et santé. EDP sciences.
• Qiu, C., Fratiglioni, L., Karp, A., Winblad, B., & Bellander, T. (2004). Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology, 687-694.
• Roosli, M. (2014). Epidemiology of electromagnetic fields. CRC press.
• Schüz, J., Elliott, P., Auvinen, A., Kromhout, H., Poulsen, A. H., Johansen, C., Olsen, J. H., Hillert, L., Feychting, M., & Fremling, K. (2011). An international prospective cohort study of mobile phone users and health (Cosmos): design considerations and enrolment. Cancer Epidemiology, 35(1), 37-43.
• Segarra, M., Aburto, M. R., & Acker-Palmer, A. (2021). Blood-Brain Barrier Dynamics to Maintain Brain Homeostasis. Trends In Neurosciences, 44(5), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.002
• Sharma, V. P., & Kumar, N. R. (2010). Changes in honeybee behaviour and biology under the influence of cellphone radiations. Current Science(Bangalore), 98(10), 1376-1378.
• Singh, N., & Jindal, T. (2022). Electromagnetic Field Mobile Phone Radiation Toxicity. New Frontiers In Environmental Toxicology (pp. 1-7). Springer.
• Sobel, E., Davanipour, Z., Sulkava, R., Erkinjuntti, T., Wikstrom, J., Henderson, V. W., Buckwalter, G., Bowman, J. D., & Lee, P.-J. (1995). Occupations with exposure to electromagnetic fields: a possible risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142(5), 515-524.
• Takahashi, K., Kaneko, I., Date, M., & Fukada, E. (1986). Effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields on DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in culture. Experientia, 42(2), 185-186.
• Tenorio, B. M., Jimenez, G. C., de Morais, R. N., Peixoto, C. A., de Albuquerque Nogueira, R., & da Silva, V. A. (2012). Evaluation of testicular degeneration induced by low‐frequency electromagnetic fields. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 32(3), 210-218.
• Tian, F., Nakahara, T., Yoshida, M., Honda, N., Hirose, H., & Miyakoshi, J. (2002). Exposure to power frequency magnetic fields suppresses X-ray-induced apoptosis transiently in Ku80-deficient xrs5 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 292(2), 355-361.
• Tice, R. R., Hook, G. G., Donner, M., McRee, D. I., & Guy, A. W. (2002). Genotoxicity of radiofrequency signals. I. Investigation of DNA damage and micronuclei induction in cultured human blood cells. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association, 23(2), 113-126.
• Touitou Y. (2004). Evaluation des effets des champs électromagnétiques sur la santé chez l'homme [Evaluation of the effects of electric and magnetic fields in humans]. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 62(4), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4509(04)94306-4
• Wertheimer, N., & Leeper, E. (1979). Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(3), 273-284.
• Wolf, F. I., Torsello, A., Tedesco, B., Fasanella, S., Boninsegna, A., D'Ascenzo, M., Grassi, C., Azzena, G. B., & Cittadini, A. (2005). 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: Possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1743(1-2), 120-129.
• Yavaş, M. C. (2019). Effect of electromagnetic field originating from high voltage lines on malondialdehyde level. Middle East Journal of Science, 5(2), 120-125.
• Zhang, D., Pan, X., Ohno, S., Osuga, T., Sawada, S., & Sato, K. (2011). No effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on expression of cell adhesion molecules (integrin, CD44) and matrix metalloproteinase‐2/9 in osteosarcoma cell lines. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(6), 463-473.
• Zrimec, A., Jerman, I., & Lahajnar, G. (2002). Alternating electric fields stimulate ATP synthesis in Escherichia coli. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters, 7(1), 172-175.