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THE EFFECT OF FIRM PROFITS ON INFLATION IN TÜRKİYE: AN APPLICATION OF THE AUGMENTED ARDL MODEL

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 1 - 26
https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1609648

Abstract

While demand is a significant determinant of inflation in Turkey, the sellers' inflation approach argues that firms' pricing strategies and profit margins also drive prices. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of profits on inflation in Turkey for the period 2012Q1- 2024Q3, using Augmented ARDL model. Analysis results reveal that, in the long term, profits have a negative and consumption expenditures, a positive effect on inflation. In the short term, lagged values of profits exert an inflationary impact. Monitoring profit margins in high profit sectors and intervening when necessary is considered to contribute to price stability.

References

  • Akarsu, O., & Aktug, E. (2024). Demand-and Supply-Driven Inflation Decomposition in Turkiye (No. 2410).
  • Akca, H. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Turkey: evidence from augmented ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(48), 69149-69159.
  • Ayad, H., Sari-Hassoun, S. E., Usman, M., & Ahmad, P. (2023). The impact of economic uncertainty, economic growth and energy consumption on environmental degradation in MENA countries: Fresh insights from multiple thresholds NARDL approach.Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1806-1824.
  • Boratav, K., Köse, A. H., & Yeldan, A. E. (2023). Türkiye’de Derinleşen Yapısal Kriz Eğilimi ve Kâr İtilimli Enflasyonun Dinamikleri. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 158, 8-30.
  • Bouras, P., Bustamante, C., Guo, X., & Short, J. (2023). The contribution of firm profits to the recent rise in inflation. Economics Letters, 233, 111449.
  • Bozatli, O., & Akca, H. (2024). Effectiveness of environmental protection expenditures and resource tax policy in the Netherland's load capacity factor: Do government effectiveness and renewable energy matter? Evidence from Fourier augmented ARDL. Resources Policy, 92, 105030.
  • Bozkurt, H. (2024). Yurtiçi Tasarruflar, Kurumsal Kalite ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Arasındaki Etkileşim: Genişletilmiş ARDL Yönteminden Kanıtlar. Ünye İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 137-152.
  • Canöz, İ., & Kalkavan, H. (2024). Forecasting the dynamics of the Istanbul real estate market with the Bayesian time-varying VAR model regarding housing affordability. Habitat International, 148, 103055.
  • Çağlar, A. E. (2022). Türkiye'de çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin araştırılmasında çevresel patentlerin rolü: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 913-929.
  • Çelik, R., Keskin, A., & Keskin, A. (2021). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, işsizlik ve enflasyonun kayıt dışı istihdam üzerindeki etkisi: ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. InJournal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 80, pp. 451-474). Istanbul University.
  • Dayı, F. (2020). The effect of inflation on firm profitability: an application in retail sector of Borsa Istanbul. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(26), 62-72.
  • De Loecker, J., Eeckhout, J., & Unger, G. (2020). The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 561-644. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041
  • Dirican, C., & Canoz, I. (2017). The cointegration relationship between Bitcoin prices and major world stock indices: An analysis with ARDL model approach. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting, 4(4), 377-392.
  • Duvan, O. B. (2024). Türkiye’de Şirket Kârları ve Enflasyon: Adam Smith Haklı Mı? Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (45), 167-182.
  • Duvan, O. B. (2024a). Contribution of Corporate Profits to Inflation in Türkiye after Covid-19. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(1), 109-125.
  • Eichner, A. S., & Kregel, J. A. (1975). An essay on post-Keynesian theory: a new paradigm in economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 13(4), 1293-1314.
  • Ergeç, E. H., & Asutay, M. (2018). Kâr payı ve mevduat faizi ilişkisinde neden ve sonuçlar. İktisat Dergisi, 1(1), 70-86.
  • Ersin, İ. (2023). Türkiye’de Sektörel Ticari Kredilerin Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(2), 258-274.
  • Ersin, İ., & Kırca, M. (2024) Türkiye’de Cari Transfer Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi: Kesirli Frekanslı Fourier ARDL Sınır Testi ile Analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 887-905.
  • Ertuğrul, Ü. M. (2020). Yatırım Faaliyetlerinden Kaynaklı Nakit Akışlarının Değer İlişkisi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 30, 101-123.
  • Eti, S., Dinçer, H., Gökalp, Y., Yüksel, S., & Kararoğlu, D. (2023). Identifying key issues to handle the inflation problem in the healthcare industry caused by energy prices: An evaluation with decision- making models. Managing inflation and supply chain disruptions in the global economy, 162-178.
  • Gallo, E., & Rochon, L. P. (2024). Sellers' Inflation and Distributive Conflict: Lessons from the Post- COVID Recovery. Review of Political Economy, 36(4), 1331-1350.
  • Glover, A., Mustre-del-Río, J., & von Ende-Becker, A. (2023). How much have record corporate profits contributed to recent inflation? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 108(1), 1- 13.
  • Hansen, N.-J., Toscani, F., & Zhou, J. (2023). Euro area inflation after the pandemic and energy shock: Import prices, profits and wages. IMF Working Paper, 23/131. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400244361.001
  • Isik, S., Mert, M., & Ulug, M. (2025). Profit produced by post-pandemic inflation: Evidence from an emerging economy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics.
  • Kara, H. (2012). Küresel kriz sonrası para politikası. TCMB Çalışma Tebliği, 12(17), 1-25.
  • Keskin, A., & Kara, B. (2021). The relationship between trade openness, foreign trade tax revenues and GDP in Turkey: ARDL bounds test approach for 1993-2019 period. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 16(4), 1297-1315.
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Fikru, M. G. (2025). The dynamic nexus between economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and natural resource rents of ASEAN-5 countries: Insights from the novel Fourier augmented ARDL method (FAARDL). Resources Policy, 100, 105449.
  • Kriskkumar, K., Naseem, N. A. M., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2022). Investigating the asymmetric effect of oil price on the economic growth in Malaysia: Applying augmented ARDL and nonlinear ARDL techniques. Sage Open, 12(1), 21582440221079936.
  • Lavoie, M. (2024). Questioning profit inflation as an explanation of the post-pandemic inflation. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, 21(2), 232-247.
  • Mastromatteo, G., & Rossi, S. (2024). ‘Sellers’ Inflation’and Monetary Policy Interventions: A Critical Analysis. Review of Political Economy, 1-21.
  • Matamoros, G. (2024). Are firm markups boosting inflation? a post-Keynesian Institutionalist approach to markup inflation in select industrialized countries. Review of Political Economy, 36(3), 1042- 1063.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Appl. Econ. 50 (13), 1509–1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Mushtaq, R. (2011). Augmented Dickey Fuller Test. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Nikiforos, M., Grothe, S., & Weber, J. D. (2024). Markups, profit shares, and cost-push-profit-led inflation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 33(2), 342-362.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Econ. Model. 80, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001
  • Sarker, B., & Khan, F. (2020). Nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bangladesh: an augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach.Financial Innovation, 6(1), 10.
  • Syed, Q. R., Durani, F., Kisswani, K. M., Alola, A. A., Siddiqui, A., & Anwar, A. (2024). Testing natural resource curse hypothesis amidst geopolitical risk: Global evidence using novel Fourier augmented ARDL approach. Resources Policy, 88, 104317.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB). (2024). Reel efektif döviz kuru ve M2 para arzı verileri. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). TÜFE, net işletme artığı gelir yöntemi, tüketim harcamaları, istihdam verileri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024)
  • Uxó, J., Febrero, E., & Álvarez, I. (2025). Prices, markups and wages: inflation and its distributive consequences in Spain, 2021-2023. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics.
  • Weber, I. M., & Wasner, E. (2023). Sellers’ inflation, profits and conflict: why can large firms hike prices in an emergency? Review of Keynesian Economics, 11(2), 183-213.
  • Yeter, F., & Eroğlu, İ. (2022). Türkiye'de enflasyon, döviz kuru ve kredi büyümesi ilişkisi: fourier-shin eş bütünleşme analizi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 840-848.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kırca, M. (2024). Testing the relationship between employment and tourism: a fresh evidence from the ARDL bounds test with sharp and smooth breaks. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(1), 394-413.
  • Yıldırım, C. (2020). Türkiye’de enflasyon ve faizin eşitsizlik üzerine etkisi. İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 145-166.
  • Zabun, F. (2020). Türkiye'de enflasyonun nedenleri ve sonuçları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/203722/yokAcikBilim_10306683.pdf?s equence=-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024)

TÜRKİYE’DE KÂRLARIN ENFLASYON ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ARDL MODEL UYGULAMASI

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 1 - 26
https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1609648

Abstract

Türkiye’de enflasyonun önemli belirleyicisinin talep olduğu görüşüne karşın, satıcı enflasyonu yaklaşımıyla kârların enflasyonu etkilediği görüşü, enflasyonu yalnızca talep yönlü faktörlerle açıklamanın yetersiz olabileceğini, firmaların fiyatlama stratejilerinin ve kâr marjlarının fiyat artışlarındaki rolünü tartışmaya açmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de kârların enflasyon üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. 2012Q1-2024Q3 döneminin incelendiği çalışmada Genişletilmiş ARDL modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, uzun dönemde kârların enflasyon üzerindeki etkisinin negatif olduğunu, kısa dönemde ise kârların gecikmeli değerlerinin enflasyonu artırıcı etkisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca, tüketim harcamalarının uzun dönemde enflasyon üzerinde güçlü etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Kârları aşırı olan sektörlerin kâr marjlarının izlenmesinin ve gerektiğinde müdahaleler yapılmasının, kısa dönemde fiyat istikrarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Akarsu, O., & Aktug, E. (2024). Demand-and Supply-Driven Inflation Decomposition in Turkiye (No. 2410).
  • Akca, H. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Turkey: evidence from augmented ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(48), 69149-69159.
  • Ayad, H., Sari-Hassoun, S. E., Usman, M., & Ahmad, P. (2023). The impact of economic uncertainty, economic growth and energy consumption on environmental degradation in MENA countries: Fresh insights from multiple thresholds NARDL approach.Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1806-1824.
  • Boratav, K., Köse, A. H., & Yeldan, A. E. (2023). Türkiye’de Derinleşen Yapısal Kriz Eğilimi ve Kâr İtilimli Enflasyonun Dinamikleri. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 158, 8-30.
  • Bouras, P., Bustamante, C., Guo, X., & Short, J. (2023). The contribution of firm profits to the recent rise in inflation. Economics Letters, 233, 111449.
  • Bozatli, O., & Akca, H. (2024). Effectiveness of environmental protection expenditures and resource tax policy in the Netherland's load capacity factor: Do government effectiveness and renewable energy matter? Evidence from Fourier augmented ARDL. Resources Policy, 92, 105030.
  • Bozkurt, H. (2024). Yurtiçi Tasarruflar, Kurumsal Kalite ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Arasındaki Etkileşim: Genişletilmiş ARDL Yönteminden Kanıtlar. Ünye İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 137-152.
  • Canöz, İ., & Kalkavan, H. (2024). Forecasting the dynamics of the Istanbul real estate market with the Bayesian time-varying VAR model regarding housing affordability. Habitat International, 148, 103055.
  • Çağlar, A. E. (2022). Türkiye'de çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin araştırılmasında çevresel patentlerin rolü: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 913-929.
  • Çelik, R., Keskin, A., & Keskin, A. (2021). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, işsizlik ve enflasyonun kayıt dışı istihdam üzerindeki etkisi: ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. InJournal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 80, pp. 451-474). Istanbul University.
  • Dayı, F. (2020). The effect of inflation on firm profitability: an application in retail sector of Borsa Istanbul. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(26), 62-72.
  • De Loecker, J., Eeckhout, J., & Unger, G. (2020). The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 561-644. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041
  • Dirican, C., & Canoz, I. (2017). The cointegration relationship between Bitcoin prices and major world stock indices: An analysis with ARDL model approach. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting, 4(4), 377-392.
  • Duvan, O. B. (2024). Türkiye’de Şirket Kârları ve Enflasyon: Adam Smith Haklı Mı? Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (45), 167-182.
  • Duvan, O. B. (2024a). Contribution of Corporate Profits to Inflation in Türkiye after Covid-19. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(1), 109-125.
  • Eichner, A. S., & Kregel, J. A. (1975). An essay on post-Keynesian theory: a new paradigm in economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 13(4), 1293-1314.
  • Ergeç, E. H., & Asutay, M. (2018). Kâr payı ve mevduat faizi ilişkisinde neden ve sonuçlar. İktisat Dergisi, 1(1), 70-86.
  • Ersin, İ. (2023). Türkiye’de Sektörel Ticari Kredilerin Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(2), 258-274.
  • Ersin, İ., & Kırca, M. (2024) Türkiye’de Cari Transfer Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi: Kesirli Frekanslı Fourier ARDL Sınır Testi ile Analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 887-905.
  • Ertuğrul, Ü. M. (2020). Yatırım Faaliyetlerinden Kaynaklı Nakit Akışlarının Değer İlişkisi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 30, 101-123.
  • Eti, S., Dinçer, H., Gökalp, Y., Yüksel, S., & Kararoğlu, D. (2023). Identifying key issues to handle the inflation problem in the healthcare industry caused by energy prices: An evaluation with decision- making models. Managing inflation and supply chain disruptions in the global economy, 162-178.
  • Gallo, E., & Rochon, L. P. (2024). Sellers' Inflation and Distributive Conflict: Lessons from the Post- COVID Recovery. Review of Political Economy, 36(4), 1331-1350.
  • Glover, A., Mustre-del-Río, J., & von Ende-Becker, A. (2023). How much have record corporate profits contributed to recent inflation? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 108(1), 1- 13.
  • Hansen, N.-J., Toscani, F., & Zhou, J. (2023). Euro area inflation after the pandemic and energy shock: Import prices, profits and wages. IMF Working Paper, 23/131. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400244361.001
  • Isik, S., Mert, M., & Ulug, M. (2025). Profit produced by post-pandemic inflation: Evidence from an emerging economy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics.
  • Kara, H. (2012). Küresel kriz sonrası para politikası. TCMB Çalışma Tebliği, 12(17), 1-25.
  • Keskin, A., & Kara, B. (2021). The relationship between trade openness, foreign trade tax revenues and GDP in Turkey: ARDL bounds test approach for 1993-2019 period. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 16(4), 1297-1315.
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Fikru, M. G. (2025). The dynamic nexus between economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and natural resource rents of ASEAN-5 countries: Insights from the novel Fourier augmented ARDL method (FAARDL). Resources Policy, 100, 105449.
  • Kriskkumar, K., Naseem, N. A. M., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2022). Investigating the asymmetric effect of oil price on the economic growth in Malaysia: Applying augmented ARDL and nonlinear ARDL techniques. Sage Open, 12(1), 21582440221079936.
  • Lavoie, M. (2024). Questioning profit inflation as an explanation of the post-pandemic inflation. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, 21(2), 232-247.
  • Mastromatteo, G., & Rossi, S. (2024). ‘Sellers’ Inflation’and Monetary Policy Interventions: A Critical Analysis. Review of Political Economy, 1-21.
  • Matamoros, G. (2024). Are firm markups boosting inflation? a post-Keynesian Institutionalist approach to markup inflation in select industrialized countries. Review of Political Economy, 36(3), 1042- 1063.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Appl. Econ. 50 (13), 1509–1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Mushtaq, R. (2011). Augmented Dickey Fuller Test. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Nikiforos, M., Grothe, S., & Weber, J. D. (2024). Markups, profit shares, and cost-push-profit-led inflation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 33(2), 342-362.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Econ. Model. 80, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001
  • Sarker, B., & Khan, F. (2020). Nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bangladesh: an augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach.Financial Innovation, 6(1), 10.
  • Syed, Q. R., Durani, F., Kisswani, K. M., Alola, A. A., Siddiqui, A., & Anwar, A. (2024). Testing natural resource curse hypothesis amidst geopolitical risk: Global evidence using novel Fourier augmented ARDL approach. Resources Policy, 88, 104317.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB). (2024). Reel efektif döviz kuru ve M2 para arzı verileri. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). TÜFE, net işletme artığı gelir yöntemi, tüketim harcamaları, istihdam verileri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024)
  • Uxó, J., Febrero, E., & Álvarez, I. (2025). Prices, markups and wages: inflation and its distributive consequences in Spain, 2021-2023. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics.
  • Weber, I. M., & Wasner, E. (2023). Sellers’ inflation, profits and conflict: why can large firms hike prices in an emergency? Review of Keynesian Economics, 11(2), 183-213.
  • Yeter, F., & Eroğlu, İ. (2022). Türkiye'de enflasyon, döviz kuru ve kredi büyümesi ilişkisi: fourier-shin eş bütünleşme analizi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 840-848.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kırca, M. (2024). Testing the relationship between employment and tourism: a fresh evidence from the ARDL bounds test with sharp and smooth breaks. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(1), 394-413.
  • Yıldırım, C. (2020). Türkiye’de enflasyon ve faizin eşitsizlik üzerine etkisi. İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 145-166.
  • Zabun, F. (2020). Türkiye'de enflasyonun nedenleri ve sonuçları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/203722/yokAcikBilim_10306683.pdf?s equence=-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2024)
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Financial Econometrics
Journal Section MAIN SECTION
Authors

İrfan Ersin 0000-0002-7407-3654

Early Pub Date March 24, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date December 30, 2024
Acceptance Date February 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ersin, İ. (2025). TÜRKİYE’DE KÂRLARIN ENFLASYON ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ARDL MODEL UYGULAMASI. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 27(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1609648

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