Post-Pandemic Urbanism from the Perspective of Healthy Cities: Evaluation of Urban Green Space Sufficiency in Denizli
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 169 - 188, 08.07.2022
Aysun Aygün Oğur
,
Sinem Özdede
,
Dalya Hazar Kalonya
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has re-bought forward the importance of urban open spaces. The scarcities of public spaces and open green spaces have been effective in keeping the city dwellers in their homes due to the need for isolation during the pandemic era. Despite this, cities with sufficient open green spaces have increased the mobility of city dwellers since people interact less with each other. In the process of re-planning urban areas, developing an integrated approach with green infrastructure strategies in parallel with designing resilient cities has the potential to create healthier cities. In this context, the PP-GS (Post-Pandemic Green Spaces) model of the study reveals the minimum amount of green spaces required per capita in the cities, based on the social distance and healthy living principles that emerged during the pandemic. The study examines the required amount of green space in the Denizli urban center based on the PP-GS model from the perspective of healthy cities and proposes spatial suggestions for post-pandemic urban green space planning.
Thanks
This article was presented at the "2nd international City and Ecology Congress within the Framework of Sustainable Urban Development" and was only published in summary. It complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics committee permission was not required for the study.
References
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crisis, Access date: 07.11.2021.
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- Allam, Z. & Jones, D. S. (2020). Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]?. Land Use Policy, 97, 104805.
- Altunkasa, M. F. (2004). Adana’nın kentsel gelişim süreci ve yeşil alanlar. Adana Kent Konseyi Çevre Çalışma Grubu Bireysel Raporu, p.17, Adana.
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reports, 1-10.
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Enstitüsü.
- Barbarossa, L. (2020). The post pandemic city: challenges and opportunities for a non-motorized urban environment. An Overview of Italian Cases, Sustainability,12 (17), 7172.
- Chae, J. H. & Kim, W. J. (2020). The Evaluation of physical environmental factors in urban parks for healthy city-focus on Seoul, Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture,
48(4), 29-40.
- Ciddi, P. K. & Yazgan, E. (2020). COVID-19 salgınında sosyal izolasyon sırasinda fiziksel aktivite durumunun yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,
19(37), 262-279.
- Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2020). Denizli merkez ilçeler yeşil alan katmanları (NetCad / AutoCad); Denizli merkez ilçeler ortofoto.
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Environment. Special Issue | COVID-19 vs City-20, 133-149.
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Öneriler. Issue;02.
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- Emür, S. H. & Onsekiz, D. (2007). Kentsel yaşam kalitesi bileşenleri arasında açık ve yeşil alanların önemi- Kayseri Kocasinan İlçesi park alanları analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22
(1), 367-396.
- Gedikli, R. (2002). Kentlerde, kişi başına düşmesi gereken açık yeşil alan büyüklüğünün değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilecek matematik model önerisi, Planlama, 4(1), 62-76.
- Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: Their impacts on human history. Abc-clio.
- Herman, K. & Drozda, Ł. (2021). Green Infrastructure in the Time of Social Distancing: Urban Policy and the Tactical Pandemic Urbanism. Sustainability, 13(4), 1632.
- Hobday, R. A. & Cason, J. W. (2009). The open-air treatment of pandemic influenza. American Journal Of Public Health, 99(2), 236-242.
- Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., Mavani, V., McCall, M. K., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sanchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X.,
Villagomez, E., Zapata, O. & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions–design, perceptions and inequities.
Cities&Health, 1-17.
- IASC (2021). IASC 2021 Urban Commons Conference, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWn7QlH9VuA, Access date: 10.05.2021.
- Joassart-Marcelli, P., Wolch, J. & Salim, Z. (2011). Building the healthy city: The role of nonprofits in creating active urban parks. Urban Geography 32(5), 682-711.
- Kıygı, G. (2020). Salgının mekânsal hafızası: norm, ölçek, adalet, Spektrum tasarım rehberleri, Pandemide ve Post-pandemide Toplum ve Mekân: Görüşler, Öngörüler, Öneriler, Issue: 02.
- Kleinschroth, F. & Kowarik, I. (2020). COVID‐19 crisis demonstrates the urgent need for urban green spaces. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(6), 318.
- Küçükali, H., Küçükali, İ. & Taşdemir, M. (2016). Sağlığın yeşil belirleyicileri: Parklar, Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü Dergisi, p. 40-45.
- Lai, S., Leone, F. & Zoppi, C. (2020). COVID-19 and spatial planning. A few issues concerning public policy, TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. Special Issue | COVID-19 vs
City-20, 231-246.
- Litman, T. (2020). Pandemic-resilient community planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
- Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S. & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration,
3(1). https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.147
- Mahoney, E. & Nardo, D. (2016). The Black Death: Bubonic Plague Attacks Europe. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
- Manlun, Y. (2003). Suitability analysis of urban green space system based on GIS. Master of Science, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Enschede,
Netherlands.
- Maxwell, P. (2020). Post-pandemic urbanism: why embracing street life is central to the future of the city, Frame, https://frameweb.com/article/post-pandemic-urbanism-why-
embracing-street-life-is-central-to-the-future-of-the-city?fbclid=IwAR2qxqFBJ4SEl25sR0k1Hrj7XMko303C5uCo8g58niRkDewYVUdDLl8-ka0, Access date: 02.10.2020.
- Önder, S. & Polat, A. T. (2012). Kentsel açık-yeşil alanların kent yaşamındaki yeri ve önemi. Kentsel Peyzaj Alanlarının Oluşumu ve Bakım Esasları Semineri, 19, 73-96.
- Özdede, S., Hazar Kalonya, D. & Aygün, A. (2021). Pandemi Sonrası Dönemde Kişi Başına Düşen Kentsel Yeşil Alan İhtiyacını Yeniden Düşünmek, İdealkent 12 (Covid-19 Special Issue), 362-
288.
- Pehlivan, H. (2021). Socio-Spatial Inequalities Deepened by the COVID-19 Pandemic and New Dynamics of Urban Space, Planning 31(3): 352-360.
- Roe, D. & Whiteley, J. (2021). Post-Pandemic Urbanism. A discussion paper on planning and urban design considerations for cities during the pandemic and after. City of St. Louis
Planning and Urban Design Agency. MO, USA.
- Rueda, S. (2019). Superblocks for the design of new cities and renovation of existing ones: Barcelona’s case. In Integrating human health into urban and transport planning. 135-153.
Springer, Cham.
- Tuğaç, Ç. (2020). Kentsel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Tarihteki Pandemiler ve COVID-19 Pandemisi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı,
259-292.
- TURKSTAT. (2021). Denizli ilçe nüfusları, https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreTabloArama.do?metod=search&araType=vt, Access date: 10.05.2021.
- UN Habitat (2020). UN-Habitat COVID-19 Response Plan. Access date: 03.05.2020, https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/04/final_u n-habitat_covid-19_response_plan.pdf
- UNDP. (2020). UN Human development deport, https://www.tr.undp.org/, Access date: 19.12.2020.
- Velarde, M. D., Fry, G. & Tveit, M. (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes–Landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry& Urban Greening, 6(4), 199-212.
- WHC. (2018). Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai - Map of the Inscribed Property, World Heritage Council - UNESCO (2018), Access date: 22.04.2020,
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480/documents/
- Yıldızcı, A. C. (1982). Kentsel yeşil alan planlaması ve İstanbul örneği. İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Unpublished PhD Thesis, İstanbul.
- Yücesu, Ö., Korkut, A. & Kiper, T. (2017). Kırklareli Kent Merkezinin Açık ve Yeşil Alanlarının Analizi ve Bir Sistem Önerisi, Artium, 5 (2), 22-37.
Sağlıklı Kentler Perspektifinden Pandemi Sonrası Şehircilik: Denizli’de Kentsel Yeşil Alan Yeterliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 169 - 188, 08.07.2022
Aysun Aygün Oğur
,
Sinem Özdede
,
Dalya Hazar Kalonya
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemisi kentsel açık ve yeşil alanların önemini yeniden tartışmaya açmıştır. Kamusal alanlar ve açık yeşil alanların kentlerdeki yetersizliği, pandemi döneminde izolasyon ihtiyacı sebebiyle, kent sakinlerini evlerinde hapsolmaya itmiştir. Buna karşın yeterli açık yeşil alana sahip kentler, insanların birbiriyle daha az etkileştiği alanlar yaratmış ve kullanıcılara hareket imkânı sağlamıştır. Kentsel alanların yeniden planlanması sürecinde, dirençli kentler tasarlayabilmeye koşut, yeşil altyapı stratejileriyle bütünleşik bir yaklaşım geliştirilmesi daha sağlıklı kentler yaratmak için bir potansiyeldir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada kullanılan PS-YA (Pandemi Sonrası Yeşil Alanlar) modeli, pandemi ile ortaya çıkan sosyal mesafe ve sağlıklı yaşam ilkelerini temel alarak kentlerde kişi başına düşmesi gereken minimum yeşil alan miktarını ortaya koymaktadır. Yapılan çalışma, Denizli kent merkezinin PS-YA modeline göre ihtiyaç duyduğu yeşil alan miktarını sağlıklı kentler perspektifinden incelemekte ve pandemi sonrası kentsel yeşil alan planlaması için mekânsal öneriler sunmaktadır.
References
- Anonymous. (2020a). Turkish Healthy Cities Association, http://www.skb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/Sağlıklı-Kentler-Hareketi-Mayıs-2014.pdf, Access date: 07.12.2020.
- Anonymous. (2020b). İzmir Kordon social distancing measures, https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-de-yesil-alanda-cemberli-sosyal-mesafe-donemi/43622/156, Access date: 07.11.2021.
- Anonymous. (2020c). San Francisco Dolores Park social distancing measures, https://www.sfgate.com/local/slideshow/SF-Dolores-Park-social-distancing-circles-202586.php, Access
date: 07.11.2021.
- Anonymous, (2020d). Domino Park social distancing measures, https://www.archdaily.com/940244/domino-park-introduces-social-distancing-circles-to-adapt-to-the-covid-19-
crisis, Access date: 07.11.2021.
- Anonymous, (2021). Berlin Tempelhof Airport as an urban park, https://www.liberationroute.com/pois/247/tempelhof-airport, Access date: 17.11.2021.
- Akgün Gültekin, A. & Birer, E. (2019). Kamusal Alanda Özgürleştirici Müdahaleler: Parazit Mekanlar, Kent Akademisi 12 (40), 4, 729-738.
- Allam, Z. & Jones, D. S. (2020). Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]?. Land Use Policy, 97, 104805.
- Altunkasa, M. F. (2004). Adana’nın kentsel gelişim süreci ve yeşil alanlar. Adana Kent Konseyi Çevre Çalışma Grubu Bireysel Raporu, p.17, Adana.
- Andres, L., Bryson, J. R. & Moawad, P. (2021). Temporary Urbanisms as Policy Alternatives to Enhance Health and Well-Being in the Post-Pandemic City. Current environmental health
reports, 1-10.
- Andres, L. & Kraftl, P. (2021). New directions in the theorization of temporary urbanisms: adaptability, activation and trajectory. Progress in Human Geography, 45(5), 1237-1253.
- Atay Kaya, İ. & Kut Görgün, E. (2017). Kentsel mekân üretiminde ‘kendin yap’ hareketi, Planlama 27 (1), 57-74.
- Aytatlı, B. (2013). Erzurum kentinde kişi başına düşmesi gereken aktif açık ve yeşil alan miktarının matematiksel modelle belirlenmesi, Master’s Thesis, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü.
- Barbarossa, L. (2020). The post pandemic city: challenges and opportunities for a non-motorized urban environment. An Overview of Italian Cases, Sustainability,12 (17), 7172.
- Chae, J. H. & Kim, W. J. (2020). The Evaluation of physical environmental factors in urban parks for healthy city-focus on Seoul, Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture,
48(4), 29-40.
- Ciddi, P. K. & Yazgan, E. (2020). COVID-19 salgınında sosyal izolasyon sırasinda fiziksel aktivite durumunun yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,
19(37), 262-279.
- Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2020). Denizli merkez ilçeler yeşil alan katmanları (NetCad / AutoCad); Denizli merkez ilçeler ortofoto.
- Deponte, D., Fossa, G. & Gorrini, A. (2020). Shaping space for ever-changing mobility. COVID-19 lesson learned from Milan and its region’. TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and
Environment. Special Issue | COVID-19 vs City-20, 133-149.
- WHO. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report — 44. Access date: 4.5.2020.
- Eltarabily, S. & Elghezanwy, D. (2020). Post-pandemic cities-the impact of COVID-19 on cities and urban design. Architecture Research, 10(3), 75-84.
- Ersoy, M. (2009). Kentsel Planlamada Arazi Kullanım Standartları, TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası Yayınları, Ankara.
- Erturan, A. (2020). Pandemi ve post-pandemide kentlerimizde nasıl ulaşacağız. Spektrum tasarım rehberleri, Pandemide ve Post-pandemide Toplum ve Mekân: Görüşler, Öngörüler,
Öneriler. Issue;02.
- Eminağaoğlu, Z. & Yavuz, A. (2010). Kentsel yeşil alanların planlanması ve tasarımını etkileyen faktörler: Artvin ili örneği, III. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi, Vol: IV p: 1536-1547.
- Emür, S. H. & Onsekiz, D. (2007). Kentsel yaşam kalitesi bileşenleri arasında açık ve yeşil alanların önemi- Kayseri Kocasinan İlçesi park alanları analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22
(1), 367-396.
- Gedikli, R. (2002). Kentlerde, kişi başına düşmesi gereken açık yeşil alan büyüklüğünün değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilecek matematik model önerisi, Planlama, 4(1), 62-76.
- Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: Their impacts on human history. Abc-clio.
- Herman, K. & Drozda, Ł. (2021). Green Infrastructure in the Time of Social Distancing: Urban Policy and the Tactical Pandemic Urbanism. Sustainability, 13(4), 1632.
- Hobday, R. A. & Cason, J. W. (2009). The open-air treatment of pandemic influenza. American Journal Of Public Health, 99(2), 236-242.
- Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., Mavani, V., McCall, M. K., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sanchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X.,
Villagomez, E., Zapata, O. & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions–design, perceptions and inequities.
Cities&Health, 1-17.
- IASC (2021). IASC 2021 Urban Commons Conference, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWn7QlH9VuA, Access date: 10.05.2021.
- Joassart-Marcelli, P., Wolch, J. & Salim, Z. (2011). Building the healthy city: The role of nonprofits in creating active urban parks. Urban Geography 32(5), 682-711.
- Kıygı, G. (2020). Salgının mekânsal hafızası: norm, ölçek, adalet, Spektrum tasarım rehberleri, Pandemide ve Post-pandemide Toplum ve Mekân: Görüşler, Öngörüler, Öneriler, Issue: 02.
- Kleinschroth, F. & Kowarik, I. (2020). COVID‐19 crisis demonstrates the urgent need for urban green spaces. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(6), 318.
- Küçükali, H., Küçükali, İ. & Taşdemir, M. (2016). Sağlığın yeşil belirleyicileri: Parklar, Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü Dergisi, p. 40-45.
- Lai, S., Leone, F. & Zoppi, C. (2020). COVID-19 and spatial planning. A few issues concerning public policy, TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. Special Issue | COVID-19 vs
City-20, 231-246.
- Litman, T. (2020). Pandemic-resilient community planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
- Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S. & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration,
3(1). https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.147
- Mahoney, E. & Nardo, D. (2016). The Black Death: Bubonic Plague Attacks Europe. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
- Manlun, Y. (2003). Suitability analysis of urban green space system based on GIS. Master of Science, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Enschede,
Netherlands.
- Maxwell, P. (2020). Post-pandemic urbanism: why embracing street life is central to the future of the city, Frame, https://frameweb.com/article/post-pandemic-urbanism-why-
embracing-street-life-is-central-to-the-future-of-the-city?fbclid=IwAR2qxqFBJ4SEl25sR0k1Hrj7XMko303C5uCo8g58niRkDewYVUdDLl8-ka0, Access date: 02.10.2020.
- Önder, S. & Polat, A. T. (2012). Kentsel açık-yeşil alanların kent yaşamındaki yeri ve önemi. Kentsel Peyzaj Alanlarının Oluşumu ve Bakım Esasları Semineri, 19, 73-96.
- Özdede, S., Hazar Kalonya, D. & Aygün, A. (2021). Pandemi Sonrası Dönemde Kişi Başına Düşen Kentsel Yeşil Alan İhtiyacını Yeniden Düşünmek, İdealkent 12 (Covid-19 Special Issue), 362-
288.
- Pehlivan, H. (2021). Socio-Spatial Inequalities Deepened by the COVID-19 Pandemic and New Dynamics of Urban Space, Planning 31(3): 352-360.
- Roe, D. & Whiteley, J. (2021). Post-Pandemic Urbanism. A discussion paper on planning and urban design considerations for cities during the pandemic and after. City of St. Louis
Planning and Urban Design Agency. MO, USA.
- Rueda, S. (2019). Superblocks for the design of new cities and renovation of existing ones: Barcelona’s case. In Integrating human health into urban and transport planning. 135-153.
Springer, Cham.
- Tuğaç, Ç. (2020). Kentsel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Tarihteki Pandemiler ve COVID-19 Pandemisi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı,
259-292.
- TURKSTAT. (2021). Denizli ilçe nüfusları, https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreTabloArama.do?metod=search&araType=vt, Access date: 10.05.2021.
- UN Habitat (2020). UN-Habitat COVID-19 Response Plan. Access date: 03.05.2020, https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/04/final_u n-habitat_covid-19_response_plan.pdf
- UNDP. (2020). UN Human development deport, https://www.tr.undp.org/, Access date: 19.12.2020.
- Velarde, M. D., Fry, G. & Tveit, M. (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes–Landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry& Urban Greening, 6(4), 199-212.
- WHC. (2018). Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai - Map of the Inscribed Property, World Heritage Council - UNESCO (2018), Access date: 22.04.2020,
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480/documents/
- Yıldızcı, A. C. (1982). Kentsel yeşil alan planlaması ve İstanbul örneği. İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Unpublished PhD Thesis, İstanbul.
- Yücesu, Ö., Korkut, A. & Kiper, T. (2017). Kırklareli Kent Merkezinin Açık ve Yeşil Alanlarının Analizi ve Bir Sistem Önerisi, Artium, 5 (2), 22-37.