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The Industry of Islamophobia as a Rising Trend: A Panorama of Researches on American Media

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 73 - 88, 28.06.2018

Abstract

Islamophobia, which has a long history, is now regarded as one of the other modernizing ideological ideologies such as ethnocentrism (racism), zenophobia (foreign fear), anti semitism. But what separates Islamophobia from this alienating intellectual heritage is the effort to produce it systematically by certain interest groups, using material instruments as well as spiritual arguments. Islamophobia, which has become an industry today, shows itself in the whole of everyday life practices touching from media to politics, from non-profit organizations to education. Designed in this problematic framework, this study also includes a review of the results of researches conducted in the United States about the media, which affects masses with publications containing explicit or implicit messages about Islam / Muslims. Although the researchers and American public opinion subjected these researches are not only the main objects but also the main subjects of these researches, objective and original results have emerged. In line with these results; Islamophobic discourses are used in the media, and Islam/Muslims have little opportunity to express themselves in the media and perhaps most importantly, the negative movements of Muslims or the crimes they commit are being circulated in media circles with a prejudiced generalization proces.

References

  • Akıner, N. (2014). Uluslararası Medya Emperyalizmi. İstanbul: Hükümdar Yayınları.
  • Ali, S. ve Khalid, M. (2008). U.S. Mass media and Muslim world: portrayal of Muslims by Newsweek and Time. European Journal of Scientific Research, 21(4), 554-580.
  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Ashgate e-book, UK: MPG Books Group.
  • Borell, K. (2015). When is the time to hate? A research review on the impact of dramatic events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic hate crimes in Europe. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 26 (4), 409-421.
  • Center for the American Progress, (2011). Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018. https://cdn.americanprogres.org/wpcontent/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia.pdf
  • Center for the American Progress, (2015). “Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network’s Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America”. Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2018. https://cdn.americanprogres.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/ FearInc-re port2.11.pdf
  • Cesari, J. (2015). Batı’da İslamofobi: Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasında Bir Mukayese, İslamofobi: 21. Yüzyılda Çoğulculuk Sorunu. J. Esposito ve Kalın İ. (Ed.), (s. 63-87). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Colton, N. (2008). A Cruel Display of Anti-Muslim Hate. Erişim Tarihi: 22.04. 2018, http://socialistworker.org/2008/10/02/anti-muslim-hate-in-ohio
  • Considine, C. (2017). The Racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and “Flying while Brown. Religions 8(9), 165-184.
  • Council on American-Islamic Relations (2010). Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States January 2009- December. Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018.https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/2010-Islamophobia-Report.pdf
  • Council on American-Islamic Relations. (2017). The Empowerment of Hate: The Civil Rights Implications of Islamophobic Bias in the U.S. 2014–2016. ErişimTarihi: 22.04.2018.http://islamophobia.org/images/2017CivilRightsReport/2017-Empowerment-of-Fear-Final.pdf
  • Emre, A. (2013). “İslam Korkusu mu, Nefreti mi?”. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018, https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/akifemre/islam-korkusu-mu-nefreti-mi-36394.
  • Esposito, J. (2002). İslam Tehdidi Efsanesi. İstanbul: Ufuk Kitapları.
  • Geisser, V. (2011). İslamo Fobi. İstanbul: Mavi Ufuklar Yayınları.
  • Genel, M. G. (2014). Oryantalistlerin Yerini Medya Aldı. Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2018, www.islamvemedya.com.
  • Gölcü, A. ve Çuhadar, M. (2017). Batı Toplumlarında İslamofobi’nin Üretilmesinde Medyanın Rolü. Ombudsman Akademik, 7, 71-99.
  • Herman, E. ve Chomsky, N. (2012). Rızanın İmalatı. İstanbul: BGST Yayınları.
  • Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018. https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/2010-Islamophobia-Report.pdf.
  • Kalın, İ. (2008). İslam ve Batı. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları.
  • Lean, N. (2015). İslamofobi Endüstrisi. Ankara: DİB Yayınları.
  • Media Matters for America (2017). Right-Wing Media’s Outrageous Coverage of Muslims in 2017. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018,
  • www.mediamatters.org/blog/2017/12/27/right-wing-media-soutrageous coverage-muslims2017/218936, Media Matters for America. (2015). The Worst Islamophobia of 2015, Erişim Tarihi:21.04.2018, https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/ 2015/12/29/ the-worst-islamophobia-of-2015-video/207695.
  • Media Matters. (2012). Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2017. https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2012/10/28/fox-shows-why-other-media-outlets-arent-followi/190980.
  • Media Tenor International (2011). A New Era for Arab-Western Relations-Media Analysis. New York: Media Tenor.
  • Media Tenor International (2013). Coverage of American Muslims gets worse: Muslims framed mostly as criminals. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2018. http://us.mediatenor.com/en/library/speeches/260/coverage-of-americanmuslims-gets-worse.
  • Media Tenor International, (2015). “Terrorism Remains a Constant Part of U.S. TV News Coverage”. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2018, http://us.mediatenor.com/en/library/newsletters/737/terrorism-remains-a-constant-part-of-u-s-tv-news-coverage.
  • Mesic, M. (2011). The perception of Islam and Muslims in the media and the responsibility of European Muslims Towards the Media. Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2018, http://www.culturelink.org/conf/dialogue/mesic.pdf.
  • Pew Research Center. (2011). Religion in the News: Islam Was No. 1 Topic in 2010”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2018, http://www.pewforum.org/2011/02/24/religion-inthe-news-islam-was-no-1-topic-in-2010/
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). Anti-Muslim Assaults Reach 9/11-Era Levels, FBI Data Show. Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/21/anti-muslim assaults-reach-911-era-levels-fbi-data-show/
  • Pew Research Center. (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018, http://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/findings-frompew-research-centers-2017-survey-of-us-muslims/
  • Runnymede Trust. (1997). Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All. Erişim Tarihi:10.03.2018,https://www.runnymedetrust.org/companies/17/74/Islamophobia-A-Challenge-for-Us-All.html.
  • Said, E. (2000). Haberlerin Ağında İslam. İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • Sheikh K. vd. (1996). Press Treatment of Islam: What Type of Picture Do the Media Paint. International Communication Gazette, 56, 139-154.
  • Sinno, A. (2012). Introduction. Review of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 164-169.
  • Ullaq, A. (2016). The Rise of Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Experiences in the U.S..Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018. https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2013/05/The-rise-of-Islamophobia-and-anti-Muslim-experiences-in-the-US-Ayesha_Ulhaq.pdf
  • Uzun, N. (2012). Avrupa’da İslamofobi: İngiltere Örneği. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Waardenburg, J. (2011). İslam ve Din Bilimleri. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Zaal, M. (2012). Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media and Politics. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(6), 555-558.
  • www.islamophobianetwork.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2018).

Yükselen Bir Trend Olarak İslamofobi Endüstrisi: Amerikan Medyasına Yönelik Araştırmaların Bir Panoraması

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 73 - 88, 28.06.2018

Abstract

Uzun bir geçmişe sahip İslamofobi, bugün ‘modern dünyanın’ etnosentrizm (ırkçılık), zenofobi (yabancı korkusu), anti-semitizm gibi ötekileştirici ideolojik düşüncelerinden birisi olarak kabul görmektedir. Fakat İslamofobiyi bu ötekileştirici düşünsel mirastan ayrı kılan, onun belirli çıkar grupları tarafından maddi enstrümanların yanı sıra manevi argümanların da kullanılarak sistematik şekilde üretilme çabasıdır. Bugün adeta bir endüstri haline gelen İslamofobi, medyadan siyasete, sivil toplum kuruluşlarından eğitim alanına kadar gündelik yaşam pratiklerinin tümüne temas eden mecralarda kendini göstermektedir. Bu sorunsal çerçevesinde tasarlanan bu çalışma, İslam/Müslümanlar ile ilgili yaptığı açık ya da örtülü mesajlar içeren yayınlarıyla kitleleri etkileyen medya ile ilgili Amerika’da yapılan araştırma sonuçlarının bir derlemesini içermektedir. Bu araştırmaları yapanlar ve araştırmalara konu olan Amerikan kamuoyu araştırmaların hem öznesi hem de nesnesi olmasına rağmen, ortaya objektif ve özgün sonuçlar çıkabilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda; medyada İslamofobik söylemler kullanılmakta, İslam’ın/Müslümanların medyada kendilerini ifade etmelerine çok az imkân verilmekte ve belki de en önemlisi, Müslümanların olumsuz hareketleri ya da işledikleri suçlar önyargılı bir genelleme süreciyle medya mecralarında dolaşıma sokulmaktadır.

References

  • Akıner, N. (2014). Uluslararası Medya Emperyalizmi. İstanbul: Hükümdar Yayınları.
  • Ali, S. ve Khalid, M. (2008). U.S. Mass media and Muslim world: portrayal of Muslims by Newsweek and Time. European Journal of Scientific Research, 21(4), 554-580.
  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Ashgate e-book, UK: MPG Books Group.
  • Borell, K. (2015). When is the time to hate? A research review on the impact of dramatic events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic hate crimes in Europe. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 26 (4), 409-421.
  • Center for the American Progress, (2011). Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018. https://cdn.americanprogres.org/wpcontent/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia.pdf
  • Center for the American Progress, (2015). “Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network’s Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America”. Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2018. https://cdn.americanprogres.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/ FearInc-re port2.11.pdf
  • Cesari, J. (2015). Batı’da İslamofobi: Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasında Bir Mukayese, İslamofobi: 21. Yüzyılda Çoğulculuk Sorunu. J. Esposito ve Kalın İ. (Ed.), (s. 63-87). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Colton, N. (2008). A Cruel Display of Anti-Muslim Hate. Erişim Tarihi: 22.04. 2018, http://socialistworker.org/2008/10/02/anti-muslim-hate-in-ohio
  • Considine, C. (2017). The Racialization of Islam in the United States: Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and “Flying while Brown. Religions 8(9), 165-184.
  • Council on American-Islamic Relations (2010). Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States January 2009- December. Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018.https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/2010-Islamophobia-Report.pdf
  • Council on American-Islamic Relations. (2017). The Empowerment of Hate: The Civil Rights Implications of Islamophobic Bias in the U.S. 2014–2016. ErişimTarihi: 22.04.2018.http://islamophobia.org/images/2017CivilRightsReport/2017-Empowerment-of-Fear-Final.pdf
  • Emre, A. (2013). “İslam Korkusu mu, Nefreti mi?”. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018, https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/akifemre/islam-korkusu-mu-nefreti-mi-36394.
  • Esposito, J. (2002). İslam Tehdidi Efsanesi. İstanbul: Ufuk Kitapları.
  • Geisser, V. (2011). İslamo Fobi. İstanbul: Mavi Ufuklar Yayınları.
  • Genel, M. G. (2014). Oryantalistlerin Yerini Medya Aldı. Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2018, www.islamvemedya.com.
  • Gölcü, A. ve Çuhadar, M. (2017). Batı Toplumlarında İslamofobi’nin Üretilmesinde Medyanın Rolü. Ombudsman Akademik, 7, 71-99.
  • Herman, E. ve Chomsky, N. (2012). Rızanın İmalatı. İstanbul: BGST Yayınları.
  • Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018. https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/2010-Islamophobia-Report.pdf.
  • Kalın, İ. (2008). İslam ve Batı. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları.
  • Lean, N. (2015). İslamofobi Endüstrisi. Ankara: DİB Yayınları.
  • Media Matters for America (2017). Right-Wing Media’s Outrageous Coverage of Muslims in 2017. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018,
  • www.mediamatters.org/blog/2017/12/27/right-wing-media-soutrageous coverage-muslims2017/218936, Media Matters for America. (2015). The Worst Islamophobia of 2015, Erişim Tarihi:21.04.2018, https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/ 2015/12/29/ the-worst-islamophobia-of-2015-video/207695.
  • Media Matters. (2012). Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2017. https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2012/10/28/fox-shows-why-other-media-outlets-arent-followi/190980.
  • Media Tenor International (2011). A New Era for Arab-Western Relations-Media Analysis. New York: Media Tenor.
  • Media Tenor International (2013). Coverage of American Muslims gets worse: Muslims framed mostly as criminals. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2018. http://us.mediatenor.com/en/library/speeches/260/coverage-of-americanmuslims-gets-worse.
  • Media Tenor International, (2015). “Terrorism Remains a Constant Part of U.S. TV News Coverage”. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2018, http://us.mediatenor.com/en/library/newsletters/737/terrorism-remains-a-constant-part-of-u-s-tv-news-coverage.
  • Mesic, M. (2011). The perception of Islam and Muslims in the media and the responsibility of European Muslims Towards the Media. Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2018, http://www.culturelink.org/conf/dialogue/mesic.pdf.
  • Pew Research Center. (2011). Religion in the News: Islam Was No. 1 Topic in 2010”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2018, http://www.pewforum.org/2011/02/24/religion-inthe-news-islam-was-no-1-topic-in-2010/
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). Anti-Muslim Assaults Reach 9/11-Era Levels, FBI Data Show. Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/21/anti-muslim assaults-reach-911-era-levels-fbi-data-show/
  • Pew Research Center. (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018, http://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/findings-frompew-research-centers-2017-survey-of-us-muslims/
  • Runnymede Trust. (1997). Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All. Erişim Tarihi:10.03.2018,https://www.runnymedetrust.org/companies/17/74/Islamophobia-A-Challenge-for-Us-All.html.
  • Said, E. (2000). Haberlerin Ağında İslam. İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • Sheikh K. vd. (1996). Press Treatment of Islam: What Type of Picture Do the Media Paint. International Communication Gazette, 56, 139-154.
  • Sinno, A. (2012). Introduction. Review of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 164-169.
  • Ullaq, A. (2016). The Rise of Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Experiences in the U.S..Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2018. https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2013/05/The-rise-of-Islamophobia-and-anti-Muslim-experiences-in-the-US-Ayesha_Ulhaq.pdf
  • Uzun, N. (2012). Avrupa’da İslamofobi: İngiltere Örneği. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Waardenburg, J. (2011). İslam ve Din Bilimleri. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Zaal, M. (2012). Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media and Politics. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(6), 555-558.
  • www.islamophobianetwork.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2018).
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdulkadir Gölcü 0000-0001-7320-6745

Fatma Betül Aydın Varol

Publication Date June 28, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gölcü, A., & Aydın Varol, F. B. (2018). Yükselen Bir Trend Olarak İslamofobi Endüstrisi: Amerikan Medyasına Yönelik Araştırmaların Bir Panoraması. Medya Ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 73-88.

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