Effect of fertigation with different pH and EC levels on selected physical soil properties
Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 105 - 111, 02.08.2022
Mustafa Kaplan
,
Erdem Yılmaz
,
Ahmet Maltaş
,
Seda Torun
Emine Rüya Namal
Abstract
In this study, the effects of fertigation with different pH and EC level on soil physical properties such as aggregate formation (AF), aggregate stability (AS) and available water content (AWC) of soil were investigated. In the study, single crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Anıt F1) was grown under cover for two consecutive years. A total of six fertigation applications (F1: pH 7.2/EC 2.0; F2: pH 7.2/EC 3.5; F3: pH 6.5/EC 2.0; F4: pH 6.5/EC 3.5; F5: pH 5.0/EC 2.0 and F6: pH 5.0/EC 3.5) were created, two different EC levels and three different pH levels. Fertigation applications were applied to the soil in three replications and the study was carried out in 18 plots in total. Based on our results, the effect of fertigation applications on the AF of the soil and the AWC during the year was not significant. On the contrary, the effect of fertigation on AS has occurred at different levels and degrees of importance in terms of the effect between years. Fertigation F5, which has a pH 5.0/EC 2.0 levels, caused a significant increase in the stability of 2-1 mm aggregates.
Supporting Institution
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Thanks
Çalışmaya sağladığı katkılarından dolayı Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesine teşekkür ederiz.
References
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- Are M, Kaart T, Selge A, Astover A, Reintam E (2018) The interaction of soil aggregate stability with other soil properties as influenced by manure and nitrogen fertilization. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 105 (3): 195-202. doi: 10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025.
- Aune J, Lal R (1997) Agricultural productivity in the tropics and critical limits of properties of Oxisols, Ultisols and Alfisols. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago) 74: 96-103.
- Baldock JA, Skjemstad JO (2000) Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry 31: 697-710.
- Bassouny M, Chen J (2016) Effect of long-term organic and mineral fertilizer on physical properties in root zone of a clayey Ultisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62(6): 819-828 doi: 10.1080/03650340.2015.1085649.
- Benbi DK, Senapati N (2009) Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice-wheat systems in northwest India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 87: 233-247. doi: 10.1007/s10705-009-9331-2.
- Black CA (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part: 1. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1572.
- Bouyoucos GJ (1953) An improved type of soil hydrometer. Soil Science 76: 377-378.
- Brar BS, Singh J, Singh G, Kaur G (2015) Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize-wheat rotation. Agronomy 5: 220-238.
- Briedis C, Moraes Sá JC, Caires EF, Navarro JF, Inagaki TM, Boer A, Santos JB (2012) Soil organic matter pools and carbon-protection mechanisms in aggregate classes influenced by surface liming in a no-till system. Geoderma 170: 80-88. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.10.011
- Bronick CJ, Lal R (2005) Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma 124: 3-22. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005.
- Brtnicky M, Elbl J, Dvořačkova H, Kynicky J, Hladky J (2017) Changes in soil aggregate stability induced by mineral nitrogen fertilizer application. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65(5): 1477-1482. doi: 10.11118/actaun201765051477.
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- Ding X, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Guo D, He L, Liu F, Zhou Q, Mandwani D, Hui D, Yu J (2018) Electrical conductivity of nutrient solution influenced photosynthesis, quality and antioxidant enzyme activity of pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis) in a hydroponic system. PLoS One 13(8): e0202090. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202090.
- Fasinmirin JT, Reichert JM (2011) Conservation tillage for cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) production in the tropics. Soil &Tillage Research 113: 1-10.
- Fonte SJ, Yeboah E, Ofori P, Quansah QW, Vanlauwe B, Six J (2009) Fertilizer and residue quality effects on organic matter stabilization in soil aggregates. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73(3): 961-966.
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- Guber A, Rawls WJ, Shein EV, Pachepsky Y (2003) Effect of Soil Aggregate Size Distribution on Water Retention. Soil Science 168 (4): 223-233. doi: 10.1097/01.ss.0000064887.94869.d3.
- Guo Z, Zhang L, Yang W, Hua L, Cai C (2019) Aggregate stability under long-term fertilization practices: The case of eroded ultisols of South-Central China. Sustainability. 11: 1169. doi: 10.3390/su11041169.
- Herencia JF, Garc´ia-Galav´is PA, Maqueda C (2011) Long-term effect of organic and mineral fertilization on soil physical properties under greenhouse and outdoor management practices. Pedosphere 21(4): 443-453. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60146-X.
- Jackson MC (1967) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
- Kacar B (1995) Soil Analysis. Chemical Analysis of Plant and Soil: III. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Education Research and Development Foundation Publications, No: 3, 705. (In Turkish)
- Kahlon MS, Lal R, Ann-Varughese M (2013) Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio. Soil & Tillage Research 126: 151-158. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2012.08.001.
- Kemper WD, Koch EJ (1966) Aggregate stability of soils from the Western United States and Canada. U.S. Department of Agriculture Tech. Bull. No. 1355.
- Lal R (1997) Degradation and resilience of soils. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B) 352: 997-1010.
- Lal R (1998) Soil Erosion and Productivity. In: R. Lal (ed.) ‘‘Soil Quality and Soil Erosion,’’ CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL: 280-352.
- Lata S, Kohli A, Singh YK, Shambhavi S (2020) Soil moisture characteristic curves under various rice based cropping systems and fertigation regimes. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Science 9(3): 60-65. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.007.
- Lewandowski A, Zumwinkle M (1999) Assessing the Soil System. A Review of Soil Quality Literature. Minnesota Department of Agriculture Energy and Sustainable Agriculture Program, pp. 1-63.
- Lindsay WL, Norwell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42 (3): 421-428. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x.
- Mahimairaja S, Helkiah J, Gopalaswamy A (1986) Long-term effect of graded doses of fertilizers and manures on soil physical conditions. Madras Agricultural Journal 73: 340-347.
- Manna MC, Swarup A, Wanjari RH, Mishra B, Shahi DK (2007) Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil & Tillage Research 94: 397-409. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2006.08.013.
- Minitab (2010) Minitab Statistical Software (Version 16.1.1). Minitab, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania.
- Monti A, Zatta A (2009) Root distribution and soil moisture retrieval in perennial and annual energy crops in Northern Italy. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 132: 252-259. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.007.
- Muneer M, Oades JM (1989) The role of Ca-organic interactions in soil aggregate stability .III. Mechanisms and models. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27: 411-423. doi: 10.1071/SR9890411.
- Nelson DW, Sommer LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. 2nd Ed. ASA Monogr. 9(2) America Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 539-579.
- Noellemeyer E, Frank F, Alvarez C, Morazzo G, Quiroga A (2008) Carbon contents and aggregation related to soil physical and biological properties under a land-use sequence in the semiarid region of central Argentina. Soil & Tillage Research 99: 179-190.
- Olsen SR, Sommers EL (1982) Phosphorus Availability Indices. Phosphorus Soluble in Sodium Bicarbonate Methods of Soils Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Editors: A. L. Page. R. H. Miller. D. R. Keeney, pp. 404-430.
- Peng X, Yan X, Zhou H, Zhang YZ, Sun H (2015) Assessing the contributions of sesquioxides and soil organic matter to aggregation in an Ultisol under long-term fertilization. Soil & Tillage Research 146: 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2014.04.003.
- Prěvost M (2004) Predicting soil properties from organic matter content following mechanical site preparation of forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 943-949. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2004.0943.
- Qadir M, Oster JD, Schubert S, Noble AD, Sahrawat KL (2007) Phytoremediation of sodic and saline-sodic soils. Advances in Agronomy 96: 197-247. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2113(07)96006-x.
- Rengasamy P, Marchuk A (2011) Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). Soil Research 49 (3): 280-285. doi: 10.1071/SR10105.
- Rhoades JD (1982) Soluble salts. In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Second edition. Agronomy Monograph No: 9 American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, USA, p. 167-179.
- Richards LA (1947) Pressure-membrane apparatus construction and use. Agricultural Engineering 28: 451-454.
- Sharma S, Subehia S (2003) Effects of twenty-five years of fertilizer use on maize and wheat yields and quality of an acidic soil in the western Himalayas. Experimental Agriculture 39: 55-64. doi: 10.1017/S0014479702001035.
- Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K (2000) Soil structure and soil organic matter: A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 1042-1049. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2000.6431042x.
- Sodhi GPS, Beri V, Benbi DK (2009) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under long-term application of compost in rice-wheat system. Soil & Tillage Research 103: 412-418.
- Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
- Sönmez İ, Kaplan M (2004) Determination of salinity of soil and irrigation waters of greenhouses in Demre Region. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 17(2): 155-160.
- Subbian P, Lal R, Akala V (2000) Long-term effects of cropping systems and fertilizers on soil physical properties. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16: 89-100. doi: 10.1300/J064v16n02_08.
- Sun W, Huang Y (2011) Global warming over the period 1961-2008 did not increase high-temperature stress but did reduce low-temperature stress in irrigated rice across China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151: 1193-1201. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.009.
- Tang S, She D, Wang H (2020) Effect of salinity on soil structure and soil hydraulic characteristics. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101(1): 62-73. doi: 10.1139/cjss-2020-00118.
- Tripathi R, Nayak AK, Bhattacharyya P, Shukla AK, Shahid M, Raja R, Panda BB, Mohanty S, Kumar A, Thilagam VK (2014) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice-rice system. Geoderma 213: 280-286. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.031.
- U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. In: Richard, L.A. (Ed.), Agriculture Handbook No. 60. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
- Walsh BD, Mackenzie AF, Salmins S, Buseard DJ (1996) Impact of soil management systems on organic dwarf apple orchards and soil aggregate stability, bulk density, temperature and water content. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76: 203-209. doi: 10.4141/cjss96-028.
- Xin XL, Zhang JB, Zhu AN, Zhang CZ (2016) Effects of long-term (23 years) mineral fertilizer and compost application on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain. Soil & Tillage Research 156: 166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2015.10.012.
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Effect of fertigation with different pH and EC levels on selected physical soil properties
Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 105 - 111, 02.08.2022
Mustafa Kaplan
,
Erdem Yılmaz
,
Ahmet Maltaş
,
Seda Torun
Emine Rüya Namal
Abstract
In this study, the effects of fertigation with different pH and EC level on soil physical properties such as aggregate formation (AF), aggregate stability (AS) and available water content (AWC) of soil were investigated. In the study, single crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Anıt F1) was grown under cover for two consecutive years. A total of six fertigation applications (F1: pH 7.2/EC 2.0; F2: pH 7.2/EC 3.5; F3: pH 6.5/EC 2.0; F4: pH 6.5/EC 3.5; F5: pH 5.0/EC 2.0 and F6: pH 5.0/EC 3.5) were created, two different EC levels and three different pH levels. Fertigation applications were applied to the soil in three replications and the study was carried out in 18 plots in total. Based on our results, the effect of fertigation applications on the AF of the soil and the AWC during the year was not significant. On the contrary, the effect of fertigation on AS has occurred at different levels and degrees of importance in terms of the effect between years. Fertigation F5, which has a pH 5.0/EC 2.0 levels, caused a significant increase in the stability of 2-1 mm aggregates.
References
- Allison LE, Moodie CD (1965) Carbonate. Agronomy monograph, methods of soil analysis. Part 2. In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy. 9.2. American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, pp. 1379-1396.
- Are M, Kaart T, Selge A, Astover A, Reintam E (2018) The interaction of soil aggregate stability with other soil properties as influenced by manure and nitrogen fertilization. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 105 (3): 195-202. doi: 10.13080/z-a.2018.105.025.
- Aune J, Lal R (1997) Agricultural productivity in the tropics and critical limits of properties of Oxisols, Ultisols and Alfisols. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago) 74: 96-103.
- Baldock JA, Skjemstad JO (2000) Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry 31: 697-710.
- Bassouny M, Chen J (2016) Effect of long-term organic and mineral fertilizer on physical properties in root zone of a clayey Ultisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62(6): 819-828 doi: 10.1080/03650340.2015.1085649.
- Benbi DK, Senapati N (2009) Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice-wheat systems in northwest India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 87: 233-247. doi: 10.1007/s10705-009-9331-2.
- Black CA (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part: 1. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1572.
- Bouyoucos GJ (1953) An improved type of soil hydrometer. Soil Science 76: 377-378.
- Brar BS, Singh J, Singh G, Kaur G (2015) Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize-wheat rotation. Agronomy 5: 220-238.
- Briedis C, Moraes Sá JC, Caires EF, Navarro JF, Inagaki TM, Boer A, Santos JB (2012) Soil organic matter pools and carbon-protection mechanisms in aggregate classes influenced by surface liming in a no-till system. Geoderma 170: 80-88. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.10.011
- Bronick CJ, Lal R (2005) Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma 124: 3-22. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005.
- Brtnicky M, Elbl J, Dvořačkova H, Kynicky J, Hladky J (2017) Changes in soil aggregate stability induced by mineral nitrogen fertilizer application. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65(5): 1477-1482. doi: 10.11118/actaun201765051477.
- Chen WC, Wang KR, Xi XL (2009) Effects on distributions of carbon and nitrogen in a reddish paddy soil under long-term different fertilization treatments. Chinese Journal of Soil Science 40: 523-528.
- Chepil WS (1962) A compact rotary sieve and the importance of dry sieving in physical soil analysis. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 26: 4-6. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600010002x.
- Christensen BT (2001) Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover. European Journal of Soil Science 52: 345-353. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00417.x.
- Ding X, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Guo D, He L, Liu F, Zhou Q, Mandwani D, Hui D, Yu J (2018) Electrical conductivity of nutrient solution influenced photosynthesis, quality and antioxidant enzyme activity of pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis) in a hydroponic system. PLoS One 13(8): e0202090. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202090.
- Fasinmirin JT, Reichert JM (2011) Conservation tillage for cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) production in the tropics. Soil &Tillage Research 113: 1-10.
- Fonte SJ, Yeboah E, Ofori P, Quansah QW, Vanlauwe B, Six J (2009) Fertilizer and residue quality effects on organic matter stabilization in soil aggregates. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73(3): 961-966.
- Gliński J, Horabik J, Lipiec J (2011) Encyclopedia of Agrophysics (1st ed.). Springer, Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1.
- Golchin A, Oades JM, Skjemstad JO, Clarke P (1994) Soil structure and carbon cycling. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32: 1043-1068. doi: 10.1071/SR9941043.
- Guber A, Rawls WJ, Shein EV, Pachepsky Y (2003) Effect of Soil Aggregate Size Distribution on Water Retention. Soil Science 168 (4): 223-233. doi: 10.1097/01.ss.0000064887.94869.d3.
- Guo Z, Zhang L, Yang W, Hua L, Cai C (2019) Aggregate stability under long-term fertilization practices: The case of eroded ultisols of South-Central China. Sustainability. 11: 1169. doi: 10.3390/su11041169.
- Herencia JF, Garc´ia-Galav´is PA, Maqueda C (2011) Long-term effect of organic and mineral fertilization on soil physical properties under greenhouse and outdoor management practices. Pedosphere 21(4): 443-453. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60146-X.
- Jackson MC (1967) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
- Kacar B (1995) Soil Analysis. Chemical Analysis of Plant and Soil: III. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Education Research and Development Foundation Publications, No: 3, 705. (In Turkish)
- Kahlon MS, Lal R, Ann-Varughese M (2013) Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio. Soil & Tillage Research 126: 151-158. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2012.08.001.
- Kemper WD, Koch EJ (1966) Aggregate stability of soils from the Western United States and Canada. U.S. Department of Agriculture Tech. Bull. No. 1355.
- Lal R (1997) Degradation and resilience of soils. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B) 352: 997-1010.
- Lal R (1998) Soil Erosion and Productivity. In: R. Lal (ed.) ‘‘Soil Quality and Soil Erosion,’’ CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL: 280-352.
- Lata S, Kohli A, Singh YK, Shambhavi S (2020) Soil moisture characteristic curves under various rice based cropping systems and fertigation regimes. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Science 9(3): 60-65. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.007.
- Lewandowski A, Zumwinkle M (1999) Assessing the Soil System. A Review of Soil Quality Literature. Minnesota Department of Agriculture Energy and Sustainable Agriculture Program, pp. 1-63.
- Lindsay WL, Norwell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42 (3): 421-428. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x.
- Mahimairaja S, Helkiah J, Gopalaswamy A (1986) Long-term effect of graded doses of fertilizers and manures on soil physical conditions. Madras Agricultural Journal 73: 340-347.
- Manna MC, Swarup A, Wanjari RH, Mishra B, Shahi DK (2007) Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil & Tillage Research 94: 397-409. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2006.08.013.
- Minitab (2010) Minitab Statistical Software (Version 16.1.1). Minitab, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania.
- Monti A, Zatta A (2009) Root distribution and soil moisture retrieval in perennial and annual energy crops in Northern Italy. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 132: 252-259. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.007.
- Muneer M, Oades JM (1989) The role of Ca-organic interactions in soil aggregate stability .III. Mechanisms and models. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27: 411-423. doi: 10.1071/SR9890411.
- Nelson DW, Sommer LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. 2nd Ed. ASA Monogr. 9(2) America Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 539-579.
- Noellemeyer E, Frank F, Alvarez C, Morazzo G, Quiroga A (2008) Carbon contents and aggregation related to soil physical and biological properties under a land-use sequence in the semiarid region of central Argentina. Soil & Tillage Research 99: 179-190.
- Olsen SR, Sommers EL (1982) Phosphorus Availability Indices. Phosphorus Soluble in Sodium Bicarbonate Methods of Soils Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Editors: A. L. Page. R. H. Miller. D. R. Keeney, pp. 404-430.
- Peng X, Yan X, Zhou H, Zhang YZ, Sun H (2015) Assessing the contributions of sesquioxides and soil organic matter to aggregation in an Ultisol under long-term fertilization. Soil & Tillage Research 146: 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2014.04.003.
- Prěvost M (2004) Predicting soil properties from organic matter content following mechanical site preparation of forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 943-949. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2004.0943.
- Qadir M, Oster JD, Schubert S, Noble AD, Sahrawat KL (2007) Phytoremediation of sodic and saline-sodic soils. Advances in Agronomy 96: 197-247. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2113(07)96006-x.
- Rengasamy P, Marchuk A (2011) Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). Soil Research 49 (3): 280-285. doi: 10.1071/SR10105.
- Rhoades JD (1982) Soluble salts. In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Second edition. Agronomy Monograph No: 9 American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, USA, p. 167-179.
- Richards LA (1947) Pressure-membrane apparatus construction and use. Agricultural Engineering 28: 451-454.
- Sharma S, Subehia S (2003) Effects of twenty-five years of fertilizer use on maize and wheat yields and quality of an acidic soil in the western Himalayas. Experimental Agriculture 39: 55-64. doi: 10.1017/S0014479702001035.
- Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K (2000) Soil structure and soil organic matter: A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 1042-1049. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2000.6431042x.
- Sodhi GPS, Beri V, Benbi DK (2009) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under long-term application of compost in rice-wheat system. Soil & Tillage Research 103: 412-418.
- Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
- Sönmez İ, Kaplan M (2004) Determination of salinity of soil and irrigation waters of greenhouses in Demre Region. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 17(2): 155-160.
- Subbian P, Lal R, Akala V (2000) Long-term effects of cropping systems and fertilizers on soil physical properties. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16: 89-100. doi: 10.1300/J064v16n02_08.
- Sun W, Huang Y (2011) Global warming over the period 1961-2008 did not increase high-temperature stress but did reduce low-temperature stress in irrigated rice across China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151: 1193-1201. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.009.
- Tang S, She D, Wang H (2020) Effect of salinity on soil structure and soil hydraulic characteristics. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101(1): 62-73. doi: 10.1139/cjss-2020-00118.
- Tripathi R, Nayak AK, Bhattacharyya P, Shukla AK, Shahid M, Raja R, Panda BB, Mohanty S, Kumar A, Thilagam VK (2014) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice-rice system. Geoderma 213: 280-286. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.031.
- U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. In: Richard, L.A. (Ed.), Agriculture Handbook No. 60. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
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