Entrepreneurial Journalism-Freelance Journalism A Comparative Discussion

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 266 - 284, 29.12.2022

Sevim Ergün , Seçil Ozay

Abstract

Innovations in the area of communication and informatics in the 21st century have affected the media world; the changes and transformations which are taking place have also transformed the professions of journalism. Thus, new channels for publishing and content types have emerged. These emerging new channels and content types have also brought new journalism types up for discussion. The main discussion of this study is formed within the framework of the concept of entrepreneurial journalism, which is suggested for journalists to adapt to these new conditions. Entrepreneurial journalism came into prominence when the media sector was going through difficult times and was declared as the savior of the sector in a way. In the most general sense, it is stated as development of a new product, service or publishing medium; or creation of new business models by journalists. Entrepreneurial journalism has created a new space where journalists can create new business models, start businesses and become their own bosses. However, there are supporters of the idea that entrepreneurial journalists are not much different from freelance journalists, who are already important members of the media. In this study, which is based on literature review, it is aimed to explain the concepts of “Entrepreneurial Journalism” and “Freelance Journalism” and to discuss the connection points and differences of the two concepts. The main objective of this study is to clearly define the boundaries of the concepts of entrepreneurial journalism and freelance journalism by drawing on the literature.

Keywords

Journalism, Freelance Journalism, Entrepreneurial Journalism

Girişimci Gazetecilik-Serbest Gazetecilik Karşılaştırmalı Bir Tartışma

Abstract

21. yüzyılda iletişim ve bilişim alanında yaşanan yenilikler medya dünyasını etkilemiş, bu alandaki değişim ve dönüşümler gazetecilik uygulamalarını da dönüştürmüştür. Böylece yeni yayıncılık mecraları ve içerik türleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yeni yayıncılık mecraları ve içerik türleri gazetecilik uygulamalarındaki bu yeni yönelimlerim de açıklanması ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel tartışması gazetecilerin bu yeni şartlara uyum sağlaması için önerilen girişimci gazetecilik kavramı çerçevesinde biçimlenmektedir. Girişimci gazetecilik medya sektörünün ekonomik olarak zor zamanlardan geçtiği dönemlerde ön plana çıkmış ve bir bakıma sektörün kurtarıcısı olarak ilan edilmiştir. Girişimci gazetecilik, en genel anlamıyla gazetecilerin yeni bir ürün, hizmet veya yayıncılık mecrası geliştirmesi; yeni iş modelleri oluşturması biçiminde ifade edilmektedir. Gazetecilerin yeni iş modelleri oluşturabildikleri, işletmeler kurdukları ve kendi işlerinin patronu olabildikleri yeni bir alan olarak literatürde yer bulan girişimci gazeteciliğin hali hazırda haber medyasında önemli çalışma biçimi olan serbest gazetecilikten çok da farklı olmadığını savunanlar bulunmaktadır. Literatür taramasına dayalı bu çalışmada “Girişimci Gazetecilik” ve “Serbest Gazetecilik” kavramlarının açıklanması ve iki kavramın bağlantı noktaları ile karşıtlıklarının tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel hedefi, literatürden yararlanarak girişimci gazetecilik ve serbest gazetecilik kavramlarının sınırlarının net olarak ortaya konması oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

Gazetecilik, Serbest Gazetecilik, Girişimci Gazetecilik

References

• Allen, M. A. (2011). Starting your career as a freelance writer. Newyork: Allworth Press.
• Banning, D. (2004). Freelance journalists: Careers, attitudes, and demographics. University of Nevada.
• Bathke, B. (2019). Entrepreneurial journalism. The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies. 1–6. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/9781118841570.İejs0125
• Bell, E., Hartstone, A., Rashidian, N. & Watson, S. (2018). The future of advertising and publishing. Tow Center For Dijital Journalism Colimbia University. Https://Academiccommons.Columbia.Edu/Doi/10.7916/D8KP9DPJ%0Ahttps://Academiccommons.Columbia.Edu/Catalog/Ac:S1rn8pk0rr.
• Buschoff, K. S. & Protsch, P. (2008). (A‐) typical and (in‐) secure? Social protection and “Non‐ Standard” forms of employment in Europe, International Social Security Review, 61(4), 51-73.
• Buschow, C. & Laugemann, R. (2020). What makes a media entrepreneur? factors influencing entrepreneurial intention of mass communication students. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. 75(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695820912146
• Casero-Ripollés, A., Izquierdo-Castillo, J. & Doménech-Fabregat, H. (2018). The journalists of the future meet entrepreneurial journalism. Entrepreneurial Journalism. Https://Doi.Org/10.4324/9781315115115-10
• Clinton, M., Totterdell, P. & Wood, S. (2006). A grounded theory of portfolio working: Experiencing the smallest of small businesses. International Small Business Journal. 24(2), 179-203.
• Cohen, L. & Mallon, M. (1999). The transition from organisational employment to portfolio working: Perceptions of ‘Boundarylessness’. Work, Employment and Society, 13(2), 329-352.
• Cohen, N. S. (2015). Entrepreneurial journalism and the precarious state of media work. South Atlantic Quarterly, 114(3), 513–533. Https://Doi.Org/10.1215/00382876-3130723
• Cohen, N.S. (2013). Negotiating precarious cultural work: Freelance writers and collective organization in media ındustries (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. NS00119).
• Cranford, C., Fudge, J., Tucker, E. & Vosko, L. F. (2005). Self-employed Workers Organize: Law, Policy, and Unions. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
• Çiğdem, S. & Erdoğan, E. (2020). Türkiye’de freelance gazetecilerin çalışma koşulları. Sosyoekonomi. 28(46), 243-269.
• Deuze, M. (2005), What is journalism?: Professional ıdentity and ıdeology of journalists. Sage Publications, 6(4), 442-464.
• Elmore, C., Massey, B., & Massey, B. (2012). Need for instruction in entrepreneurial journalism: Perspective of full-time freelancers. Journal of Media Practice. 13(November), 37–41. Https://Doi.Org/10.1386/Jmpr.13.2.109_1
• Ergün, S. (2022). Dijital dönüşüm bağlamında girişimci gazetecilik ve Türkiye’deki uygulamaları. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi. İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Fıstık, S. (2020). Dijital medyada değişen çalışma koşulları ve serbest gazetecilik. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi. İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Fudge, J. (2003), Labour protection for self-employed workers. Just Labour, 3 (Fall), 36-44. http://www.justlabour.yorku.ca/volume3/pdfs/fudge.pdf
• Girgin, A. (2008). Gazeteciliğin temel ilkeleri. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
• Hunter, A. (2015). Crowdfunding ındependent and freelance journalism: Negotiating journalistic norms of autonomy and objectivity. New Media & Society, 17(2), 272-288.
• Kosterich, A. & Weber, M. S. (2019). Transformation of a modern newsroom workforce: A case study of NYC journalist network histories from 2011 to 2015. Journalism Practice. 13(4), 431–457. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1497454
• Kovach, B. & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). Gazeteciliğin esasları. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayınları.
• Mallon, M. (1998) ‘From Public Sector Employees to Portfolio Workers: Pioneers of NewCareers?’, in C. Mabey, D. Skinner & T. Clark (eds) Experiencing Human ResourceManagement, pp. 169–86. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Nedeljkovıć, M., Mıloš, P., Veroljub, Z. & Chrıstıan, S. (2014). Entrepreneurial journalism handbook. Belgrade: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=55932199-0565-2aee-5639-375860eaf849&groupId=252038
• Nies, G. & Pedersini, R. (October, 2003). Freelance journalists in the European Media Industry. European Federation of Journalist. https://www.academia.edu/3246944/Freelance_journalists_in_the_European_media_industry.
• Rottwilm, P. (August, 2014). The future of journalistic work: Its changing nature and ımplications. Oxford: Oxford University Reuters Institute fort he Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/research/files/The%2520Future%2520of%2520Journalistic%2520Work%2520-%2520Its%2520Changing%2520Nature%2520and%2520Implications.pdf
• Ruotsalainen, J., Hujanen, J. & Villi, M. (2019). A future of journalism beyond the objectivity–dialogue divide? hybridity in the news of entrepreneurial journalists. Journalism. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1464884919867216
• Schmid, G. (2010). Non-standard employment and labour force participation: A comparative view of the recent development in Europe. (Discussion Paper No: 5087). Germany
• Stanworth, C. & Stanworth, J. (1995). The self‐ employed without employees autonomous or atypical?. Industrial Relations Journal, 26(3), 221-229.
• Tucker, E., Fudge, J. & Vosko, L. (2002). The legal concept of employment: Marginalizing workers. Canada: Law Commission.
• Vos, T. P. & Singer, J. B. (2016). Media discourse about entrepreneurial journalism capital. Journalism Practice. 10(2), 143–159. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1124730
• Wagemans, A., Witschge, T. & Deuze, M. (2016) Ideology as resource in entrepreneurial journalism, Journalism Practice, 10 (2), 160-177, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1124732
• Walters, E., Warren, C. & Dobbie, M. (April, 2006), The changing nature of work. Switzerland: International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/--sector/documents/publication/wcms_161547.pdf.