Effects of Smoking on Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 299 - 303, 15.05.2023

Mehmet Tahir Eski , Ahmet Yabalak , Halime Şahan , Alper Ayaslı , Taha Sezer

https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1212060

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the study is to get a better understanding of the side effects of smoking by evaluating the effect of recently elevated smoking rate on Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) and to determine whether it is necessary to use different normals when evaluating the VEP measurements of smoking patients.
Material and Methods: The patients who have applied to our ophthalmology and neurology outpatient clinics during 2021-2022 are included to the study. Detailed ophthalmologic examination of the patients as well as their VEP test is completed followed by a dilated fundus examination assessment. The patients with normal results are included to the study. The smoking rate is calculated on pack/year basis. Pattern VEP (PVEP) recording is performed based on Keypoint (Dantec, Denmark) and International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) criteria. Data obtained through the study are analyzed by SPSS 21.0 version software. Countable variables with normal distribution between two independent groups are analyzed with Independent Sample T test whereas variables without normal distribution are analyzed with Mann Whitney U test. Chi-square test is used for comparing categorical variables.
Results: 71 patients were included to the study where 33 of them were placed in smoking group and 38 in non-smoking group (control group). Smoking group had a yearly cigarette package consumption of 5.20±8.93 (0.2-40). VEP latency and amplitude changes were compared and according to the obtained results; there was P100 latency prolongation in between left and right eye of the patients in the control group and smoking group but it did not have any statistical significance (p=0.910 and p=0.697 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in either left nor right eye in terms of smoking and P100 and N70 latencies (p=0.707, p=0.838, p=0.717 and p=0.621 respectively). Similarly, there was no significant correlation between yearly package consumption and P100 and N70 latencies and amplitudes of left and right eyes (p=0.503, p=0.410, p=0.776 and p=0.940 respectively).
Conclusion: No significant effect of smoking is found on VEP values thus leading us to believe that the same normal intervals can be used in the evaluation of VEP results of both smoking and non-smoking patients.

Keywords

Smoking, VEP (Visual Evoked Potential), nicotine

Project Number

-

References

• Durukan AH, Gundogan FC, Erdem U, et al. The acute effect of cigarette smoking on pattern visual evoked potentials. Doc Ophthalmol. 2006;112:23–9.
• Pritchard W, Sokhadze E, Houlihan M. Effects of nicotine and smoking on event-related potentials: a review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6:961–84.
• Pandey KR, Panday DR, Limbu N, et al. Effect of smoking on visual evoked potential (VEP) and visual reaction time (VRT). Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;11:9–13.
• Hetzler BE, Martin EI. Nicotine-ethanol interactions in flash-evoked potentials and behavior of Long-Evans rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;83:76–89.
• Tamcelik N. Ocular Electrophysıology. 2011th ed. Istanbul: Turkish Ophthalmological Association Education Publications, 2011.
• Ozturk BT, Oner A. Ocular Electrophysiology Electrodiagnostics Unit Book. Ankara: Turkish Society of Ophthalmology Education Publications, 2021.
• Brigell M, Bach M, Barber C, et al. Guidelines for calibration of stimulus and recording parameters used in clinical electrophysiology of vision. Calibration Standard Committee of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). Doc Ophthalmol. 1998;95:1–14.
• Odom JV, Bach M, Brigell M, et al. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials: (2016 update). Doc Ophthalmol. 2016;133:1–9.
• Urrutia I, Capelastegui A, Quintana JM, et al. Smoking habit, respiratory symptoms and lung function in young adults. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15:160–5.
• Kim JW, Park CG, Hong SJ, et al. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness. Blood Press. 2005;14:80–5.
• Friedman J, Meares R. Tobacco smoking and cortical evoked potentials: an opposite effect on auditory and visual systems. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1980;7:609–15.
• Friedman J, Goldberg H, Horvath TB, et al. The effect of tobacco smoking on evoked potentials. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1974;1:249–258.
• Hall RA, Rappaport M, Hopkins HK, et al. Tobacco and evoked potential. Science. 1973;180:212–4.
• Woodson PP, Baettig K, Etkin MW, et al. Effects of nicotine on the visual evoked response. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982;17:915–20.
• Knott VJ, Venables PH. Stimulus intensity control and the cortical evoked response in smokers and non-smokers. Psychophysiology. 1978;15:186–92.
• Conrin J. The EEG effects of tobacco smoking--a review. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1980;11:180–7.
• Robinson F, Petrig BL, Riva CE. The acute effect of cigarette smoking on macular capillary blood flow in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:609–613.
• Koçak N, Yeter V, Subaşı M, et al. Use of choroidal vascularity index for choroidal structural evaluation in smokers: an optical coherence tomography study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2020;39:298–303.
• Tamaki Y, Araie M, Nagahara M, et al. The acute effects of cigarette smoking on human optic nerve head and posterior fundus circulation in light smokers. Eye (Lond) 2000;14:67-72.
• Boyd GM, Maltzman I. Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral skin conductance. Psychophysiology. 1984;21:334–41. Golding JF. Effects of cigarette smoking on resting EEG, visual evoked potentials and photic driving. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1988;29:23–32.
• Ashton H, Millman JE, Telford R, et al. The effect of caffeine, nitrazepam and cigarette smoking on the contingent negative variation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1974;37:59–71.
• Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS. Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: towards a biobehavioral explanation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1984;8:503–13.
• Friedman J, Horvath T, Meares R. Tobacco smoking and a ‘stimulus barrier’. Nature. 1974;248:455–6.
• Kurysheva NI, Maslova EV, Trubilina AV, et al. [Pattern visual evoked potentials and their relation to the peripapillary and retrobulbar blood flow in glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol. 2018;134:19–27.
• Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. Monitoring micronutrients in cigarette smokers. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;377:14–38.
• Oku H, Fukushima K, Sako H, et al. [Chronic toxicity of tobacco smoke on the visual system]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1989;93:617–24.