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Cinsel Yönelim Algısı ve Ses Özellikleri İlişkisi

Year 2017, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 61 - 85, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Bu çalışma, bir
kimlik özelliği olan cinsel yönelim üzerinde, konuşmanın içeriğinden bağımsız
olarak yalnızca ses özellikleri açısından, durmaktadır. Konuşucunun cinsel
yöneliminin yalnızca sesleri dinlenerek algılanıp algılanamayacağını ve
algılanabiliyorsa bunun hangi ses özelliklerine dayalı olduğunu bulmayı
amaçlayan bu çalışmada, dinleyicilere eşcinsel ve düzcinsel erkek konuşucuların
ses kayıtları dinletilmiş ve cinsel yönelimlerini tahmin etmeleri istenmiştir.
Çalışmaya, 10 eşcinsel 10 düzcinsel konuşmacı katılmıştır. Her konuşmacıdan
üçer farklı ses kaydı alınmıştır. Birinci kayıtta bilimsel bir metin okumaları,
ikinci kayıtta bir şiir okumaları, üçüncü kayıtta ise çalışmacı ile sohbetleri
sırasında bir anlatı gerçekleştirmeleri istenmiştir. 20 konuşucunun da
okudukları metin ve şiir aynıdır. Anlatı ise aynı konu çerçevesinde gerçekleşmiştir.
Alınan ses kayıtları sesbilim eğitimi almamış 30 kişiye dinletilmiştir. Elde
edilen veriler, dinleyicilerin konuşucuların cinsel yönelimlerini büyük ölçüde
doğru algıladıklarını göstermekle birlikte yapılan fiziksel ses ölçümlerinde bu
algıya neden olduğu iddia edilebilecek bir sonuca ulaşılmamıştır.

References

  • Avery, J. D. & Liss, M. L. (1996). Acoustic charecteristics of less-masculine-sounding male speech. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 99, 3738-3748.
  • Başar, K. & Yüksel, Ș. (2014). Çocukluktan yetişkinliğe cinsiyet kimliği ile ilgili sorunlar: uygun değerlendirme ve izlem. Cinsel İşlev Bozuklukları, 4 (4), 389-404.
  • Bozdemir, N. & Özcan, S. (2011). Cinselliğe ve cinsel sağlığa genel bakış. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5 (4), 37-46.
  • Gaudio, R. P. (1994). Sounding gay: Pitch properties in the speech of gay and straight men. American Speech, 69 (1), 30-57.
  • Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
  • Lattner, S., Meyer, M. E., & Friederici, A. D. (2005). Voice perception: sex, pitch, and the right hemisphere. Human brain mapping, 24 (1), 11-20.
  • Lavner, Y., Gath, I., & Rosenhouse, J. (2000). The effects of acoustic modifications on the identification of familiar voices speaking isolated vowels. Speech Communication, 30 (1), 9-26.
  • Lerman, J. W., & Damsté, P.H. (1969). Voice pitch of homosexuals. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 21 (5), 340-346.
  • Linville, S.E. (1998). Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men’s speech. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 50 (1), 35-48.
  • Lyons, M., Lynch, A., Brewer, G., & Bruno, D. (2014). Detection of sexual orientation (“gaydar”) by homosexual and heterosexual women. Archives of sexual behavior, 43 (2), 345-352.
  • Moonwomon-Baird, B. (1997). Toward a study of lesbian speech. In A. Livia & K. Hall (Eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender, and sexuality. (pp. 202-213). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Munson, B. (2011). Lavender lessons learned: Or what sexuality can teach us about phonetic variation. American Speech, 86 (1), 14-31.
  • Munson, B., Jefferson, S.V., & McDonald, E.C. (2006). The influence of perceived sexual orientation on fricative identification. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(4), 2427-2437.
  • Nawka, T., Anders, L. C., Cebulla, M., & Zurakowski, D. (1997). The speaker's formant in male voices. Journal of Voice, 11 (4), 422-428.
  • Nicholas, C. L. (2004). Gaydar: Eye-gaze as identity recognition among gay men and lesbians. Sexuality and Culture, 8 (1), 60-86.
  • Ortaöğretim Coğrafya 9, (2011). Ders Kitapları Dizisi 1510.
  • Pernet, C. R., Belin, P., & Jones, A. (2013). Behavioral evidence of a dissociation between voice gender categorization and phoneme categorization using auditory morphed stimuli. Frontiers in Psychology 4.
  • http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01018
  • Pierrehumbert, J. B., Bent, T., Munson, B., Bradlow, A. R. & Bailey, J. M. (2004). The influence of sexual orientation on vowel production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116 (4), 1905- 1908.
  • Podesva, R. J. (2007). Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (4), 478-504.
  • Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A., Gygax, L. Garcia, S. & Bailey, M. J. (2010). Dissecting "gaydar": Accuracy and the role of masculinity-femininity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39 (1), 124-40.
  • Rogers, H., Smyth, R., & Jacobs, G. (2000). Vowel and sibilant duration in gay-and straight-sounding male speech. First International Gender and Language Association Conference’da sunulan bildiri. Stanford, California.
  • Ruben, M. A., Hill, K. M., & Hall, J. A. (2014). How women's sexual orientation guides accuracy of interpersonal judgements of other women. Cognition and Emotion, 28 (8), 1512-1521.
  • Smyth, R., & Rogers, H. (2002). Phonetics, gender, and sexual orientation. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Linguistics Association (pp. 299-301).
  • Smyth, R., Jacob, G. & Rogers, H. (2003). Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach. Language in Society 32, 329–50.
  • Sulpizio, S., Fasoli, F., Maass, A., Paladino, M. P., Vespignani, F., Eyssel, F. & Bentler, D. (2015). The sound of voice: Voice-based categorization of speakers’ sexual orientation within and across languages. PloS ONE, 10(7), 1-38.
  • Trudgill, P. (1974). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Warner, N., & Tucker, B. V. (2016). An effect of flaps on the fourth formant in English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47 (1), 1-15.
  • Zhou, X., Espy-Wilson, C. Y., Boyce, S., Tiede, M., Holland, C., & Choe, A. (2008). A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of “retroflex” and “bunched” American English/r. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123 (6), 4466-4481.
  • Zwicky, A. (1997). Two lavender issues for linguists. In A. Livia & K. Hall (Eds.). Queerly phrased: Language, gender, and sexuality. (pp. 21-34). New York: Oxford University Press.

Acoustic Correlates of Perceived Sexual Orientation

Year 2017, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 61 - 85, 01.01.2017

Abstract

This study aimed to examine whether
sexual orientation can be detected from monologue readings and narration. The
main research question was, if naïve listeners could perceive the speakers’
sexual orientation accurately, can we conclude
that there are some potential phonetic cues which signal one’s sexual orientation.
10 openly gay men and 10 straight men recorded a scientific passage, a poem and
a narration. These recordings were played to 30 listeners for judgments of
perceived sexual orientation. Listeners correctly identified the sexual
orientation of these speakers at a rate of 80%. On the other hand, the results
of acoustic measurements did not show any particular pattern that could be
identified as an indicator of the sexual orientation of the speaker.

References

  • Avery, J. D. & Liss, M. L. (1996). Acoustic charecteristics of less-masculine-sounding male speech. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 99, 3738-3748.
  • Başar, K. & Yüksel, Ș. (2014). Çocukluktan yetişkinliğe cinsiyet kimliği ile ilgili sorunlar: uygun değerlendirme ve izlem. Cinsel İşlev Bozuklukları, 4 (4), 389-404.
  • Bozdemir, N. & Özcan, S. (2011). Cinselliğe ve cinsel sağlığa genel bakış. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5 (4), 37-46.
  • Gaudio, R. P. (1994). Sounding gay: Pitch properties in the speech of gay and straight men. American Speech, 69 (1), 30-57.
  • Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
  • Lattner, S., Meyer, M. E., & Friederici, A. D. (2005). Voice perception: sex, pitch, and the right hemisphere. Human brain mapping, 24 (1), 11-20.
  • Lavner, Y., Gath, I., & Rosenhouse, J. (2000). The effects of acoustic modifications on the identification of familiar voices speaking isolated vowels. Speech Communication, 30 (1), 9-26.
  • Lerman, J. W., & Damsté, P.H. (1969). Voice pitch of homosexuals. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 21 (5), 340-346.
  • Linville, S.E. (1998). Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men’s speech. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 50 (1), 35-48.
  • Lyons, M., Lynch, A., Brewer, G., & Bruno, D. (2014). Detection of sexual orientation (“gaydar”) by homosexual and heterosexual women. Archives of sexual behavior, 43 (2), 345-352.
  • Moonwomon-Baird, B. (1997). Toward a study of lesbian speech. In A. Livia & K. Hall (Eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender, and sexuality. (pp. 202-213). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Munson, B. (2011). Lavender lessons learned: Or what sexuality can teach us about phonetic variation. American Speech, 86 (1), 14-31.
  • Munson, B., Jefferson, S.V., & McDonald, E.C. (2006). The influence of perceived sexual orientation on fricative identification. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(4), 2427-2437.
  • Nawka, T., Anders, L. C., Cebulla, M., & Zurakowski, D. (1997). The speaker's formant in male voices. Journal of Voice, 11 (4), 422-428.
  • Nicholas, C. L. (2004). Gaydar: Eye-gaze as identity recognition among gay men and lesbians. Sexuality and Culture, 8 (1), 60-86.
  • Ortaöğretim Coğrafya 9, (2011). Ders Kitapları Dizisi 1510.
  • Pernet, C. R., Belin, P., & Jones, A. (2013). Behavioral evidence of a dissociation between voice gender categorization and phoneme categorization using auditory morphed stimuli. Frontiers in Psychology 4.
  • http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01018
  • Pierrehumbert, J. B., Bent, T., Munson, B., Bradlow, A. R. & Bailey, J. M. (2004). The influence of sexual orientation on vowel production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116 (4), 1905- 1908.
  • Podesva, R. J. (2007). Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (4), 478-504.
  • Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A., Gygax, L. Garcia, S. & Bailey, M. J. (2010). Dissecting "gaydar": Accuracy and the role of masculinity-femininity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39 (1), 124-40.
  • Rogers, H., Smyth, R., & Jacobs, G. (2000). Vowel and sibilant duration in gay-and straight-sounding male speech. First International Gender and Language Association Conference’da sunulan bildiri. Stanford, California.
  • Ruben, M. A., Hill, K. M., & Hall, J. A. (2014). How women's sexual orientation guides accuracy of interpersonal judgements of other women. Cognition and Emotion, 28 (8), 1512-1521.
  • Smyth, R., & Rogers, H. (2002). Phonetics, gender, and sexual orientation. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Linguistics Association (pp. 299-301).
  • Smyth, R., Jacob, G. & Rogers, H. (2003). Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach. Language in Society 32, 329–50.
  • Sulpizio, S., Fasoli, F., Maass, A., Paladino, M. P., Vespignani, F., Eyssel, F. & Bentler, D. (2015). The sound of voice: Voice-based categorization of speakers’ sexual orientation within and across languages. PloS ONE, 10(7), 1-38.
  • Trudgill, P. (1974). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Warner, N., & Tucker, B. V. (2016). An effect of flaps on the fourth formant in English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47 (1), 1-15.
  • Zhou, X., Espy-Wilson, C. Y., Boyce, S., Tiede, M., Holland, C., & Choe, A. (2008). A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of “retroflex” and “bunched” American English/r. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123 (6), 4466-4481.
  • Zwicky, A. (1997). Two lavender issues for linguists. In A. Livia & K. Hall (Eds.). Queerly phrased: Language, gender, and sexuality. (pp. 21-34). New York: Oxford University Press.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Sıla Ay

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ay, S. (2017). Cinsel Yönelim Algısı ve Ses Özellikleri İlişkisi. Dil Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 14(1), 61-85.