İngiliz Romantizminde Kötülük Algısı: J. R. R. Tolkien ve Yüzük "Süregiden Bir Kararsızlık"

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 105 - 126, 30.06.2023

Omer Faruk Kalinturk

https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1268272

Abstract

J. R. R. Tolkien modern fantastik edebiyatın babası olarak kabul edilir. Onun hakkında genellikle göz ardı edilen şey ise en azından çok iyi olduğu bir alanda, yani edebiyatta, zamanının sorunlarına bir cevap bulmayı uman büyük bir entelektüel olduğudur. Tolkien'in Kötülüğe karşı tutumu Yüzük açısından iki kısımdan oluşur. İlki geleneksel Augustinusçu, daha sonraları Boethian olarak gelişen görüştür. Bu görüşe göre kötülük kendi başına bir hiçtir. İyinin yokluğudur. Yani derunidir. İnsanın günahı ve zayıflığı kötülüğün başlıca nedenidir. Yüzük açısından, İnsanların Güç arzusu kötülüğe yol açar. Önemli olan şehvet ve hırstır. İkinci muğlak ve hatta çelişkili kötülük tasavvuru ise Maniheist görüştür. Bu bakış açısına göre kötülük iyiliğe eşittir. İyiyle eşit güçte olan bir dış güçtür. Kötülüğün de kendi iradesi vardır.

Keywords

Yüzük, Kötülük, Fantastik, Alegori, Teodise, Boethius, Maniheizm

The Understanding of Evil in British Romanticism: J. R. R. Tolkien and the Ring “a Running Ambivalence”

Abstract

J. R. R. Tolkien, like many people, is a figure that is difficult to explain in terms of the mono-disciplinary attitude of modern academia. The significance of this article lies in the attempt to understand Tolkien's work by taking it beyond the boundaries of traditional literary scholarship. Through an interdisciplinary reading method, it is argued that there is a depth in Tolkien's works, lost between the praise of his supporters and the criticism of his opponents, which exceeds what either group claims to have found. Tolkien’s attitude to Evil consists of two parts, in terms of the Ring. The first is the traditional Augustinian, later Boethian view. According to this view, evil is itself nothing. It is an absence of good. So, it is internal. The sin and weakness of men are the major cause of evil. In terms of the Ring, the desire of Men for Power leads to evil. The important things are these lust and ambition. The second ambiguous and even contradictory vision of evil is the Manichean. From this perspective, evil is the equal of good. It is an external force that is equally powerful to that of good. Evil also has its own will.

Keywords

The Ring, Evil, Fantastic, Allegory, Theodicy, Boethius, Manichaeism

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