GÖÇ, ENTEGRASYON VE EĞİTİM EKSENİ: BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK’TAKİ TÜRKLER

Year 2021, , 969 - 990, 22.12.2021

Erdem Dikici

https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.941937

Abstract

1960’lardan buyana, göçmen ve mültecilerin yerleşilen ülkelere entegrasyonu Kuzey Amerika ve Batı Avrupa’daki gelişmiş ülkeler için önemli bir toplumsal ve siyasal konu / problem haline gelmiştir. Bu konu üzerine yazılan çok sayıdaki resmi rapor ve sayısız akademik makale ve kitaplar göçmenlerin ve mültecilerin yerleşilen ülkeye entegre olmasının demokratik refah devletinin ve toplumsal uyum ve dayanışmanın devamlılığı bakımından hayati öneme sahip olduğunun altını ısrarlı ve kuvvetli bir şekilde çizmişlerdir. Bu çalışma eğitime eşit erişim hakkının, aktif katılımın ve başarının entegrasyon için kritik öneme sahip olduğunu Birleşik Krallıktaki Türk kökenli toplulukların entegrasyon süreçlerindeki rolünü üzerinden ele almaktadır. Türklerin eğitimde görece olarak daha başarısız olmalarının sebebi aile-ebeveyn, okul, ve etnik topluluk olarak üç temel faktöre dayanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, diğer etnik kökenli topluluklara nazaran Türklerin görece olarak daha yavaş entegre olmalarında eğitimdeki başarısızlıklarının en başat etken olduğu gerçeği vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

entegrasyon, eğitim, entegrasyonun göstergeleri, çokkültürcü entegrasyon

References

• ABADAN-UNAT, N. (2011). Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen, Berghahn Books, New York.
• AGER, A. and STRANG, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration: Final Report. Home Office, London.
• AGER, A. and STRANG, A. (2008). “Understanding Integration: a conceptual framework.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166-191.
• AKGONÜL, S. and DE TAPIA, S. (2009). “Turks Abroad: Settlers, Citizens, Transnationals – Introduction.” International Journal of Multicultural Societies, 11(2), 104-118.
• AKGONÜL, S. (2009). “Turks in France: Religion, Identity and Europeanness.” In Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity, Integration. T.Kücükcan and V.Güngor (eds.), Turkish Research Centre, Amsterdam, 35-64.
• AKTÜRK, Ş. (2007). “Continuity and Change in the Regimes of Ethnicity in Austria, Germany, the USSR/Russia, and Turkey: Varieties of Ethnic Regimes and Hypotheses for Change.” Nationalities Papers, 35(1), 23-49.
• ALBA, R. and FONER, N. (2015). “Mixed Unions and Immigrant Group Integration in North America and Western Europe.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 662(1), 38-56.
• ATAY, T. (2010). ‘‘Ethnicity within Ethnicity’ among the Turkish-Speaking Immigrants in London.” Insight Turkey, 12(1), 123-138.
• AVCI, Gamze (2006). “Comparing Integration Policies and Outcomes: Turks in the Nethelands and Germany.” Turkish Studies, 7(1), 67-84.
• AYDIN, M.A. (2001). Turkish Speaking Communities and Education – No Delight, Fatal Publications, London.
• BANTING, K. and KYMLICKA, W. (2010). “Canadian Multiculturalism: Global Anxieties and Local Debates.” British Journal of Canadian Studies, 23(1), 43-72.
• BAUBOCK, R. (1994). The Integration of Immigrants. CMDG Report (94)25E, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
• BRUBAKER, R. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
• CAROL, S., ERSANILLI, E. and WAGNER, M. (2014). “Spousal Choice among the Children of Turkish and Moroccan Immigrants in Six European Countries: Transnational Spouse or Co- ethnic Migrant.” International Migration Review, 48(2), 387-414.
• CEFTUS (2013) http://ceftus.org/2013/11/13/nominations-begin-for-the-2nd-british-kebab-awards/#.Uz7LjfldV8E
• CENSUS (2011). Population of England and Wales. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest
• CESARİ, J. (2004). When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States, Palgrave, Basingstoke. Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (CMEB) (2000). The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, Profile Books, London.
• CRUL, M. (2013). “Snakes and Ladders in Educational Systems: Access to Higher Education for Second-Generation Turks in Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(9), 1383-1401.
• ÇİLİNGİR, S. (2010). “Identity and Integration among Turkish Sunni Muslims in Britain.” Insight Turkey, 12(1), 103-122.
• D’ANGELO, A., PANIAGUA, A. and OZDEMİR, A. (2011). BME Children In London: Educational Needs And The Role Of Community Organisations: An evaluation of the education services of Day-Mer, Turkish and Kurdish Community Centre. Research Report, Middlesex University, Middlesex.

• Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) (2009). “The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Muslim Community in England.” Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Department for Communities and Local Government, London.
• DİKİCİ, E. (2021). “Integration, transnationalism, and transnational Islam.” Identities, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2021.1883258.
• ENNELİ, P. (2002). “Social exclusion and young Turkish-speaking people’s future prospects: economic deprivation and the culturalisation of ethnicity.” In Ethnicity and Economy – ‘Race and Class’ Revisited, S.Fenton and H.Bradley (eds.), Palgrave, Basingstoke. 142-159.
• ENNELİ, P. and MODOOD, T. (2009). “Young Turkish-speaking People in UK: Early Employment Experiences and Dependency on Ethnic Enclave.” In Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity, Integration, T.Kücükcan and V.Gungor (eds.), Turkevi Research Centre, Amsterdam. 185-201.
• ENNELİ, P., MODOOD, T. and HARRIET, B. (2005). Young Turks and Kurds: A Set of ‘Invisible’ Disadvantaged Groups. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.
• ERZAN, R. and KİRİSCİ, K. (2008). “Introduction.” In Turkish Immigrants in the European Union: Determinants of Immigration and Integration. R.Erzan and K.Kirisci (eds.), Routledge, New York.
• FAIST, T., Fauser, M., and Reisenauer, E. (2013) Transnational Migration. Polity Press, Cambridge.
• FAVELL, A. (1998). Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain. Palgrave, Basingstoke.
• GLAZER, N. (1993). “Is Assimilation Dead?” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1), 122-136.
• GUTMANN, A. (1994). “Introduction.” In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, A.Gutmann (ed), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 3-25.
• HACKETT, S. (2013). Foreigners, Minorities and Integration: The Muslim immigrant experience in Britain and Germany, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
• HEATH, A. and BRINBAUM, Y. (2007). “Explaining ethnic inequalities in educational attainment.” Ethnicities, 7(3), 291-305.
• ICDUYGU, Ahmet. (2009). “Foreword: Turkish Migrant Participation in Civic and Political Life.” Turkish Studies, 10(2), 135-137.
• ISSA, T., ALLEN, K., and ROSS, A. (2008). Young people's educational attainment in London's Turkish, Turkish Kurdish and Turkish Cypriot Communities, Report commissioned by the Mayor of London, London.
• JOPPKE, C. (2007). “Beyond national models: civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe.” West European Politics, 30(1), 1-22.
• KING, R., THOMSON, M., MAI, N. and KELES, Y. (2008). “‘Turks’ in the UK: Problems of Definition and the Partial Relevance of Policy.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 6(3), 423-434.
• LEE, C. (2009). “Sociological Theories of Immigration: Pathways to Integration for U.S. Immigrants.” Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment 19(6), 730-744.
• MAXWELL, R. (2012). Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, Cambridge University Press, New York.
• MODOOD, T. (2012). Post-immigration ‘difference’ and integration: The case of Muslims in Western Europe, New Paradigms in Public Policy, British Academy, London.
• MODOOD, T. (2013). Multiculturalism. 2nd ed, Polity Press, Cambridge.

• MODOOD, T. (2019). Essays on Multiculturalism and Secularism, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.
• PAREKH, B. (1997). “Foreword.” In Ethnic Minorities in Britain, T.Modood et al. (eds), Policy Studies Institute, London, viii-x.
• PAREKH, B. (2000). Rethinking Multiculturalism, Palgrave, Basingstoke.

• PAREKH, B. (2008). A New Politics of Identity, Palgrave, Basingstoke.
• PERMOSER, J. M. and Rosenberger, S. (2012). “Integration Policy in Austria.” In International Perspectives: Integration and Inclusion, J.Frideres and J.Biles (eds), , McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal and Kingston, 39-59.
• ROBINS, K. and AKSOY, A. (2001). “From spaces of identity to mental spaces: lessons from Turkish-Cypriot cultural experience in Britain.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 685-711.
• RODRÍGUEZ-GARCÍA, D. (2015). “Intermarriage and Integration Revisited: International Experiences and Cross-Disciplinary Approaches.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 662(1), 8-36.
• ROSENOW-WILLIAMS, K. (2012). Organizing Muslims and Integrating Islam in Germany: New Developments in the 21st Century, Brill, Leiden.
• SCHIFFAUER, W. (2006). “Enemies within the gates: the debate about the citizenship of Muslims in Germany.” In Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach, T.Modood, A.Triandafyllidou, and R.Zapata-Barrero (eds), Routledge, London, 94-116.
• SIRKECI, I. and ESIPOVA, N. (2013). Turkish Migration in Europe and desire to migrate to and from Turkey, Border Crossing: Transnational Working Papers, NO. 1301, Regent’s Centre for Transnational Studies, London, 1-13.
• STRAND, S., DE COULON, A., MECHI, E., VORHAUS, J., FRUMKIN, L., IVINS, C., SMALL, L., SOOD, A., GERVAIS, M. and REHMAN, H. (2010). Drivers and challenges in raising the achievement of pupils from Bangladeshi, Somali and Turkish backgrounds. Research Report DCSF-RR226, Department for Children, Schools and Families, London.
• TAYLOR, C. (1994). “The Politics of Recognition.’ in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition.” A.Gutmann (ed.), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 25-73.
• THE MUSLIM COUNCIL OF BRITAIN (MCB) (2015). British Muslims in Number: A Demographic, Socio-economic and Health profile of Muslims in Britain drawing on the 2011 Census, The Muslim Council of Britain, London.
• TOL, G. (2009). “Integration of the Turks in Germany and the Netherlands.’ in Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity, Integration.” T.Kücükcan and V.Gungor (eds), Turkish Research Centre, Amsterdam, 249-270.
• WETS, J. (2006). “The Turkish Community in Austria and Belgium: The Challenge of Integration.” Turkish Studies, 7(1), 85-100. YÜKLEYEN, A. (2009). “Localizing Islam in Europe: Religious Activism among Turkish Islamic Organizations in the Netherlands.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 29(3), 291-309.
• ZETTER, R., GRIFFITHS, D., SIGONA, N. and HAUSER, M. (2002). Survey on Policy and Practice Related to Refugee Integration, European Refugee Fund Community Actions 2001/2002, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. \