Comparative Clinical and Serum Biochemical Evaluation of Two Intramuscular Anaesthetic Combinations (Diazepam/Ketamine and Diazepam/Fentanyl/Ketamine) in Rabbits

Year 2022, , 106 - 114, 26.12.2022

Mst. Antora Akter , Nelema Yesmin , Md. Bayazid Amin Talukder , Md. Mahmudul Alam

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1113511

Abstract

The research has been conducted to find the clinical efficacy and safety of preanaesthetics and induction agents based on clinical and serum biochemical indicators in rabbits. Eight healthy rabbits (3.0-3.5kg) of either sex were arbitrarily allocated into two groups: Group DK (diazepam-ketamine) and Group DFK (diazepam-fentanyl-ketamine). Rabbits were received intramuscular diazepam (5mg/kg), fentanyl (0.02 mg/kg) and ketamine (35 mg/kg). Data on clinical parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate) and reflexes (righting reflex, palpebral reflex, and pedal reflex) were evaluated before and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 minutes after injection of anaesthetics. Blood samples were aspirated before anaesthesia and 30 minutes following induction. Serum Albumin, Globulin, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Total Protein, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Creatinine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine were evaluated through a semiautomatic biochemistry analyzer. In this study, no significant changes in rectal temperature were observed in the animals of group DK during anaesthesia. During anaesthetic cascade, heart rates and respiration rates in both the groups were reduced significantly (P< 0.05). In DFK-injected rabbits, the return of righting and palpebral reflexes were delayed. The DFK groups had considerably (P< 0.05) longer surgical anaesthesia than the DK groups. In terms of serum biochemistry, DK-treated rabbits had significantly lower total protein, globulin, creatinine, HDL, sodium, and potassium concentrations (P< 0.05). Total protein, cholesterol, HDL, and potassium levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) after DFK treatment. The DFK combination offered appropriate anaesthesia for rabbits, as evidenced by a prolonged anaesthetic time, acceptable cardiopulmonary and other clinical indices, and moderate changes in serum biochemical profiles.

Keywords

Anaesthesia, ketamine, diazepam, fentanyl, biochemistry, rabbit.

References

• Akter MA, Orchy KAH, Md. Khan MMR, Hasan M, Hasan M, Alam MM 2020. Clinical Evaluation of General Anaesthesia using Ketamine Hydrochloride with and without Diazepam in Sheep. Arch Vet Sci Med. 3 (3): 63-75. https://www.doi.org/10.26502/avsm.016
• Bienert, A, Płotek W, Wiczling P, Warzybok J, Borowska K 2014. The influence of age and dosage on the pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine in rabbits. J Med Sci. 83 (2): 108-115. https://doi.org/10.20883/medical.e53
• Brodbelt D 2009. Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. Vet J. 182: 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.011
• Chen L, Yin YP, Wu CC, Jiang S, Fan HG, Lu DZ 2015. Anaesthesia with intraperitoneal tiletamine/zolazepam, xylazine, and tramadol in mice. Med Weter. 71: 219-223.
• Dubois WR, Prado TM, Ko JC, Mandsager KE, Morgan GL 2004. A comparison of two i.m doses of xylazine-ketamine combination and tolazoline reversal in llamas. Vet Anaesth Analg. 31(2): 90-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2987.2004.00144.x
• Dupras J, Vachon P, Cuvelliez S 2001. Anaesthesia of the New Zealand rabbit using the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-midazolam with and without xylazine. Can Vet J. 42: 455– 460.
• Gallego M 2017. Laboratory reference intervals for systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, haematology, biochemistry and venous blood gas and electrolytes in healthy pet rabbits. Open Vet J. 7 (3): 203-207. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314%2Fovj.v7i3.1
• Gil AG, Illera JC, Silva´n G, Illera M 2003. Effects of the anaesthetic tranquillizer treatments on selected plasma biochemical parameters in NZW rabbits. Lab Anim. 37: 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1258%2F00236770360563804
• Gil AG, Silvan G, Illera M, Illera JC 2004. The effects of anesthesia on the clinical chemistry of New Zealand white rabbits. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 43: 25-29.
• Gil AG, Silvan G, Vila A, Millan P, Martinez- Fernandez L, Illera JC 2016. Serum biochemical response to inhalant anesthetics in New Zealand white rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 49(1):52-6.
• Gonzalez GA, Illera JC, Silvan G, Illera M. Effects of the anaesthetic/ tranquillizer treatments on selected plasma biochemical parameters in NZW rabbits. Lab Anim. 37: 155-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/00236770360563804
• Grint NJ and Murison PJ 2008. A comparison of ketamine–midazolam and ketamine–medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg. 35 (2): 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00362.x
• Hedenqvist P, Roughan JV, Orr M, Antunes LM 2001. Assessment of ketamine/medetomidine anaesthesia in the New Zealand white rabbit. Vet Anaesth Analg. 28: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467- 2995.2001.00019.x
• Henke J, Astner S, Brill T, Eissner B, Busch R 2005. Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/ fentanyl/midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg. 32: 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00242.x
• Karasu A, Altug N, Aslan L, Bakır B, Yuksek N 2018. Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam using clinical and laboratory parameters in rabbits. Med. Weter. 74(10): 646-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6119
• Khan MA, Tunio AN, Ahmad A, Kachiwal AB, Malhi MC, Khan A, Qasim M, Said A, Khan RU, Khan M 2019. Comparative study of isoflurane and ketamine anesthetics in Rabbits. Pure Appl Biol. 8(2):1385- 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80079
• Khalaf FH, Al-Zuhairi AH, Almutheffer EA 2014. Clinical and hematological effect of acepromazine, midazolam, ketamine as general anesthetic protocol in rabbits. Int J Sci Nat. 5: 328-331.
• Kihç N 2004. A comparison between medetomidine-ketamine and xylazine- -ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci. 28: 921-926.
• Oguntoye CO and Oke BO 2014. A Comparison of xylazine/ketamine, diazepam/ ketamine and acepromazine/ketamine anaesthesia in Rabbit. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 12: 21-25. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v12i3.4
• Orr HE, Roughan JV, Flecknell PA 2005. Assessment of ketamine and medetomidine anaesthesia in the domestic rabbit. Vet Anaesth Analg. 32 (5): 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 2995.2005.00211.x
• Perumal N, Ramasamy V, Kumar MM, Majumdar SS 2007. Effects of ketamine and thiopentone anaesthesia on serum lipid parameters in adult bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 46(3): 21-3.
• Rahman MS, Akter MA, Hasan M , Haque ME , Haque E , Alam MR, Alam MM 2021. Clinico-hemato-biochemical evaluation of general anesthesia with combination of Xylazine-Ketamine and Ketamine alone in sheep (Ovis aries). Bang Vet J. 55 (1-4): 8-15. https://doi.org/10.32856/BVJ-55-2021-2
• Thurmon JC and Smith GW 2007. Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing.
• Venkatesan R, Nagarajan P, Rajaretnam RS, Majumder SS 2006. Hematologic and serum biochemical values in aged female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 45(2):45-8.
• Yanmaz L, Doğan E, Okumuş Z, Şenocak M, Yıldırım F 2016. Xylazine-ketamine anesthesia following premedication of New Zealand white rabbits with vitamin C. Kafk as Univ Vet Fak Derg. 22: 115-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2015.13998
• Zahir FT, Elzahwy AK, Ismail ZM, Mohamed SA 1995. Effects of ketamine and diazepam on the morphology of the kidney of rabbit: an electron microscopic study. Assiut Vet Med J. 34: 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/avmj.1995.184283