Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Birleşik Krallık: Brexit Referandumu ve Ayrılma Süreci

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 870 - 883, 28.04.2022

Kübra Çağlar Hekimoğlu , Süleyman Erkan

https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.990422

Abstract

Avrupa bütünleşmesine bakışı tarihsel, coğrafi, ekonomik ve siyasi nedenlerden dolayı farklı olarak gelişen Birleşik Krallık, başlangıçta Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu’na (AET) günümüzdeki adıyla Avrupa Birliği’ne (AB) üye olmak istememiştir. Değişen şartlarla birlikte 1973’te Birliğe üye olan Birleşik Krallık’ın, AB ile ilişkileri mesafeli ve uyumsuz bir görüntü içerisinde olmuştur. David Cameron’un AB üyeliğini gündeme taşıyan açıklamasından sonra 23 Haziran 2016’da yapılan Brexit referandumunda halkın %51,9’u AB’den ayrılma yönünde oy kullanmıştır. Referandum sonrasında Theresa May başbakanlığında kurulan hükümet, Lizbon Antlaşması 50. madde kapsamında Birleşik Krallık’ın AB’den çekilme sürecini başlatmıştır. Mart 2017’de başlayan çekilme süreci, taraflar arasında varılan anlaşmayla sonuçlanmış ve 31 Ocak 2020’de Birleşik Krallık AB’den ayrılmıştır. Ardından Brexit sonrası ilişkilerin belirlendiği geçiş dönemi başlamış ve taraflar arasında imzalanan Ticaret ve İşbirliği Anlaşması ile Brexit süreci tam anlamıyla sona ermiştir. Bu çalışmada, tarihsel ve güncel yönleriyle Brexit’in arka planı ve referandum sonrası başlayan ayrılık sürecinin ilerleyişi ve tamamlanması analiz edilmektedir.

Keywords

Birleşik Krallık, Avrupa Birliği, Brexit Referandumu, Ayrılma Süreci

The United Kingdom in European Integration: The Brexit Referendum and Leaving Process

Abstract

The United Kingdom, whose view of European integration has developed differently due to historical, geographical, economic and political reasons, initially did not want to become a member of the European Economic Community (EEC), as it is now known as the European Union (EU). With the changing conditions, the relations of the United Kingdom, which became a member of the Union in 1973, with the EU have drawn a distant and incompatible image. After David Cameron's statement that brought the issue of EU membership to the agenda, 51.9%of the people voted to leave the EU in the Brexit referendum held on 23 June 2016. The government established under the premiership of Theresa May after the referendum started the process of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The withdrawal process, which started in March 2017, resulted in an agreement between the parties, and the United Kingdom left the EU on January 31, 2020. Afterwards, the transition period in which post-Brexit relations were determined began, and the Brexit process came to an end with the Trade and Cooperation Agreement signed between the parties. In this study, the background of Brexit with its historical and current aspects and the progress and completion of the leaving process that started after the referendum are analyzed.

Keywords

United Kingdom, European Union, Brexit Referendum, Leaving Process

References

• AB liderlerinin imzaladığı ticaret anlaşması İngiliz Parlamentosu'ndan onay aldı. (2020, 30 Aralık). Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/12/30/ab-liderleri-ingiltere-ile-brexit-sonras-donemde- ticari-iliskileri belirleyecek-anlasmay-i
• Akşemsettinoğlu, G. (2011). Avrupa bütünleşme projesinin ve genişleme sürecinin değişen dinamikleri. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 1–18.
• Aqui, L. (2020). Government policy and propaganda in the 1975 referendum on european community membership. Contemporary British History, 34(1), 1–21.
• Aras, İ. ve Günar, A. (2018). Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrılma referandumu: Brexit süreci ve sonuçları. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 90-110.
• Atkins, J. ve Gaffney, J. (2020). Narrative, persona and performance: the case of Theresa May 2016–2017. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(2), 293-308.
• Ball, A. (1991). An awkward partner: Britain in the European Community. Journal of Rural Studies, 7(1–2), 126–127.
• Boyraz, H. M. (2021, 9 Ocak). Brexit anlaşması ve bir krizin sonu. Sabah, https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/perspektif/haci-mehmet-boyraz/2021/01/09/brexit-anlasmasi-ve-bir-krizin-sonu
• Brexit: Europe stunned by UK leave vote. (2016, 24 Haziran). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36616018
• Brexit: İngiltere Parlamentosu anlaşmayı 3. kez reddetti, AB liderleri 10 nisan’da toplanacak. (2019, 28 Mart). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-47734328
• Brexit süreci nasıl işleyecek?. (2017, 21 Mart). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-39329031
• Brexit: UK and Canada agree deal to keep trading under EU terms. (2020, 21 Kasım). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55031443
• Britain and Japan sign post-Brexit trade deal. (2020, 23 Ekim). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54654814
• Britain will take buck ‘full control’ from the EU on Jan. 1, says PM Johnson. (2020, 7 Ekim). Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-johnson-idUSKBN26S1QO
• Broad, M. (2020). Negotiating ‘outer Europe’: the Trades Union Congress (TUC), transnational trade unionism and European integration in the 1950s. History of European Ideas, 46(1), 59–78.
• Brusenbauch Meislova, M. (2019). All things to all people? Discursive patterns on UK–EU relationship in David Cameron’s speeches. British Politics, 14(3), 223–249.
• Cooper, R. (2012). Britain and Europe. International Affairs, 88(6), 1191–1203.
• Daddow, O.; Gifford, C. ve Wellings, B. (2019). The battle of Bruges: Margaret Thatcher, the foreign office and the unravelling of British European policy, Political Research Exchange, 1(1), 1–24.
• Draft agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, as agreed at negotiators level on 14 november 2018. (2018). European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/draft-agreement-withdrawal-united-kingdom-great-britain-and-northern-ireland-european-union- and-european-atomic-energy-community-agreed-negotiators-level-14-november-2018_en
• Eaton, M. Ø. (2020). ‘We are all children of the commonwealth’: political myth, metaphor and the transnational commonwealth ‘family of nations’ in Brexit discourse. British Politics, 15(3), 326–348.
• EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement. (2020). European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en
• Fontana, C. ve Parsons, C. (2015). 'One woman’s prejudice': did Margaret Thatcher cause Britain’s anti-Europeanism?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(1), 89-105.
• Forster, A. (1998). No entry: Britain and the EEC in the 1960s. Contemporary British History, 12(2), 139–146.
• Frennhoff Larsén, M. ve Khorana, S. (2020). Negotiating Brexit: A clash of approaches?. Comparative European Politics, 18(5), 858–877.
• George, S. (1990), An awkward partner, Britain in the European Community, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Global Britain in a competitive age: the integrated review of security, defence, development and foreign policy. (2021). GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/global-britain-in-a- competitive-age-the-integrated-review-of-security-defence-development-and-foreign-policy
• Henke, M. E. (2018). Tony Blair’s gamble: the Middle East peace process and British participation in the Iraq 2003 campaign. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 28(4), 773-789.
• Heppell, T. (2007). A crisis of legitimacy: the Conservative Party leadership of John Major. Contemporary British History, 21(4), 471–490.
• Hobolt, S. B. (2018). Brexit and the 2017 UK general election. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 39–50.
• Howarth, D. (2007). The domestic politics of British policy on the Euro. Journal of European Integration, 29(1), 47–68.
• Hunt, A. (2013). David Cameron speech: UK and the EU. BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21013771
• Küntay, B. ve Ertuğral, Y. (2017). Birleşik Krallık'ın AB'deki geleceği ve İskoçya sorunu. EURO Politika, 2017 Özel Sayı, 77-162.
• Lebentz, A. (2020). Brexit day: Britain is leaving the EU-what now?. Euronews, https://www.euronews.com/2020/01/31/brexit-day-britain-is-leaving-the-eu-what-now
• Mathiopoulos, M. ve Gyarmati, I. (1999). Saint Malo and beyond: toward European defense. The Washington Quarterly, 22(4), 65–76.
• Mauter, W. R. (1998). Churchill and the unification of Europe. The Historian, 61(1), 67–84.
• Miles, L. ve Doherty, G. (2005). The United Kingdom: a cautious Euro-outsider. Journal of European Integration, 27(1), 89–109.
• Mor, H. (2010). Avrupa Birliği bütünleşme süreci ve sorunları. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 499-541.
• Morris, C. (2020a). What is the withdrawal agreement bill?. BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-50125338
• Morris, C. (2020b), Brexit trade deal: what are the sticking points?. BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c4vm89lx8e8t/eu-uk-post-brexit-trade-deal
• Oliver, T. (2017). Fifty shades of Brexit: Britain’s EU referendum and its ımplications for Europe and Britain. International Spectator, 52(1), 1-11.
• Oppermann, K. (2008). Salience and sanctions: A principal-agent analysis of domestic win-sets in two-level games—the case of British European policy under the Blair government. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 21(2), 179-197.
• Posen, B. R. (2006). European Union security and defense policy: response to unipolarity?. Security Studies, 15(2), 149–186.
• Prosser, C. (2021). The end of the EU affair: the UK general election of 2019. West European Politics, 44(2), 450-461.
• Roe-Crines, A. ve Heppell, T. (2020). Legitimising Euroscepticism? The construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech. Contemporary British History, 34(2), 204–227.
• Samur, H. (2016). Birleşik Krallık-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. İçinde E. Tezcan ve İ. Aras (Edt.), Avrupa Birliği ve üye devletler, AB15 üzerine bir inceleme (ss. 213-260). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Saygın, D. ve Ultan, M. Ö. (2016). Ekonomi ve siyaset bağlamında İngiltere-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri: tarihsel bir analiz. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 12(23), 71-102.
• Schnapper, P. (2020). Theresa May, the Brexit negotiations and the two-level game, 2017–2019. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1753665, 1–12.
• Seidel, K. (2020). Britain, the common agricultural policy and the challenges of membership in the European Community: a political balancing act. Contemporary British History, 34(2), 179–203.
• Shearer, A. (2000). Britain, France and the Saint‐Malo declaration: Tactical rapprochement or strategic entente?. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 13(2), 283–298.
• Smith, J. (2018). Gambling on Europe: David Cameron and the 2016 referendum. British Politics, 13(1), 1-16.
• Soytürk, M. (2017). Büyük Britanya’nın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkisi ve Brexit. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 72-82.
• Spence, J. (2012). A high price to pay? Britain and the European budget. International Affairs, 88(6), 1237–1260.
• Strupczewski, J. (2017). EU eyes start of Brexit negotiations on june 19. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-negotiations-idUSKCN18F1VJ
• T.C. Başbakanlık Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği. (2011). Avrupa Birliği antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin işleyişi hakkında antlaşma, Ankara.
• The EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement. (2019). European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-withdrawal-agreement_en
• UK general election 2019: who won and what happens now?. (2019, 13 Aralık). BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50746464
• Vasilopoulou, S. (2020). Brexit and the 2019 EP election in the UK. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(1), 80-90.
• Wang, S. (2016). An ımperfect ıntegration: has Schengen alienated Europe. Chinese Political Science Review, 1(4), 698-716.
• Warlouzet, L. (2018). Britain at the centre of European co-operation (1948-2016). Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(4), 955–970.
• Warner, G. (1989). The anglo-American special relationship, Diplomatic History, 13(4), 479–500.
• Wellings, B. (2016). Our ısland story : England, Europe and the anglosphere alternative. Political Studies Review, 14(3), 368–377.
• We're in: the UK enters Europe-archive 1 january 1973. (2020, 22 Ocak). The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/22/uk-enters-europe-eu-1-january-1973
• Yıldız, U. B., Kocamaz, S. ve Mercan, S. (2019). Britanya ve Avrupa bütünleşmesi, Winston Churchill'den Brexit'e, Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.