Effects of mechanical leaf injury on berry characteristics: A case study of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and cv. Merlot

Year 2025, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 252 - 267

Ilknur Korkutal , Elman Bahar , Serkan Candar , Ecem Kübra Demirkapi

https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1650700

Abstract

The study was conducted on 17-year-old grapevines in Tekirdağ province, located at 41° 01’ 13.15" N latitude, 27° 28’ 15.23" E longitude, and an altitude of 235 meters. The vines consisted of the Cabernet Sauvignon/SO4 and Merlot/SO4 graft combinations. The vines were trained using the Double Cordon Royat system, with a planting spacing of 2.6 x 0.9 m. As is well known, stress negatively affects vine growth and development and can also lead to a loss of both qualitative and quantitative grape characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mechanical leaf wounding (abiotic stress) applied to live vines in the pre-harvest period on berry characteristics. For this purpose, a mechanical leaf wounding process was applied by striking the leaves from all directions using a flexible plastic racket with studs attached to it. These treatments were carried out 15, 10, 5, 3, and 1 day(s) before harvest. A total of 10 different stress applications (some repeated) were performed, including a control group. As a result, late-stage leaf wounding performed one day before harvest (HÖ1) was found to increase berry dry weight, percentage of dry weight, berry skin area, and the berry skin area/berry volume ratio. Additionally, in 2022, the berry skin area values for Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grape varieties were lower than those in the control treatment. Furthermore, the berry skin area/berry volume ratio was higher in the control treatment for both varieties in 2022, and the applied treatments reduced this ratio.

Keywords

stress, grape berry, BSA/BV ratio, Vitis vinifera L.

Supporting Institution

TNKÜBAP birimi

Project Number

NKUBAP.03.DPÖ.22.417 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir

Mekanik yaprak yaralamanın tane özellikleri üzerine etkileri; Cabernet-Sauvignon ve Merlot üzüm çeşidi örneği

Abstract

Tekirdağ ili, 41° 01’ 13.15" K enlem ve 27° 28’ 15.23" D boylam ve 235 m rakımda bulunan 17 yaşlı, Cabernet-Sauvignon/SO4 ile Merlot/SO4 aşı kombinasyonundaki omcalar üzerinde araştırma yürütülmüştür. Asmalar Çift Kollu Kordon Royat terbiye şeklinde ve dikim aralık mesafesi 2.6 x 0.9 m’dir. Bilindiği üzere stres asmalarda büyüme ve gelişmeyi olumsuz şekilde etkilerken, üzümün nitelik ve nicelik özelliklerini kaybetmesine de neden olabilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; canlı asmalara hasada yakın dönemde gerçekleştirilen mekanik yaprak yaralamanın (abiyotik stres) tane özellikleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla üzerine çivi takılmış esnek plastik raket kullanılarak yapraklara her yönden vurularak mekanik yaprak yaralama işlemi uygulanmıştır. Bu uygulamalar hasattan 15 gün önce, 10 gün önce, 5 gün önce, 3 gün önce ve 1 gün önce gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bağda kontrol dahil toplam 10 farklı stres uygulaması (bazı uygulamalar tekrarlı olarak) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; geç dönem yaprak yaralama uygulamalarından Hasattan 1 gün önce (HÖ1) mekanik yaprak yaralamanın; tane kuru ağırlığı, % kuru ağırlık, tane kabuk alanı ve tane kabuk alanı/tane hacmi oranı değerlerini yükselttiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 2022 yılında Cabernet-Sauvignon ve Merlot üzüm çeşitlerinde Tane Kabuk Alanı değeri Kontrol uygulamasından düşük değerlere sahip olmuştur. Bunun yanında tane kabuk alanı/tane hacmi oranı her iki çeşit için 2022 yılında Kontrol uygulamasında daha yüksek olmuş ve yapılan uygulamalar bu oranı düşürmüştür.

Keywords

Stres, üzüm tanesi, TKA/TH, Vitis vinifera L.

Ethical Statement

Etik belgesi gerektirmeyen bir çalışmadır

Supporting Institution

Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi BAP Birimi

Project Number

NKUBAP.03.DPÖ.22.417 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir

Thanks

Bu tez NKUBAP.03.DPÖ.22.417 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

References

• Aguirre-Becerra, H., Vazquez-Hernandez, M.C., Saenz de la, O.D., Alvarado-Mariana, A., Guevara-Gonzalez, R.G., Garcia-Trejo, J.F., & Feregrino-Perez, A.A. (2021). Role of stress and defense in plant secondary metabolites production. In: Pal, D., Nayak, A.K. (Eds.) Bioactive Natural Products for Pharmaceutical Applications. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 140. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54027-2_5
• Bahar, E., Korkutal, I., & Kurt, C. (2011). Water deficit effect on different phenologic growth stages in grape berry growing, development and quality. Trakya University Journal of Science, 12 (1), 23-34.
• Bahar, E., Korkutal, İ., & Öner, H. (2018). Cabernet-Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde farklı kültürel işlemlerin şıra özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 32 (1), 1-7.
• Bahar, E., Korkutal, I., & Tok Abay, C. (2024a). Grape berry morphology in semi-arid climate of Tekirdağ: Evaluating the effects of environmental factors and stress applications. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 7 (2), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1409746
• Bahar, E., Korkutal, İ., & Abay, C. (2024b). Cabernet-Sauvignon çeşidi tane fiziksel özelliklerine bazı abiyotik streslerin etkisi (Vitis vinifera L.). Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 29 (2), 589-605. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1465178
• Barbagallo, M.G., Guidoni, S., & Hunter, J.J. (2011). Berry size and qualitative characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 32 (1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.21548/32-1-1372
• Benikhlef, L., L’Haridon, F., Abou-Mansour, E., Serrano, M., Binda, M., Costa, A., Lehmann, S., & Metraux, J.P. (2013). Perception of soft mechanical stress in Arabidopsis leaves activates disease resistance. BMC Plant Biology, 13, 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-13-133
• Cadot, Y., Miñana-Castelló, M.T., & Chevalier, M. (2006). Anatomical, histological, and histochemical changes in grape seeds from Vitis vinifera L. cv Cabernet franc during fruit development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54 (24), 9206-9215. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061326f
• Candar, S. (2022). Effects of mechanically induced abiotic stress on berry and cluster physical properties of cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety. Cukurova 8th International Scientific Researches Conference, April 15-17, Adana, Turkey. Full Text Book 1, pp. 1028-1037.
• Candar, S. (2023). Understanding the impact of artificial stress on the morphological characteristics of cv. ‘Merlot’ berry and cluster. Applied Fruit Science, 66 (1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-01002-7
• Candar, S., Korkutal, I., Bahar, E., & Aktas, F.B. (2023). Exploring the relationship between leaf water potential, defoliation, and grape berry physical properties of Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevine. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 7 (3), 517-532. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.6
• Cantürk, S., Kunter, B., & Büyükkartal, H.N. (2019). Effects of kaolin particle film on berry histological properties in two table grape cultivars (V. vinifera L.). Journal of Berry Research, 9, 309-319. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-180323
• Chassot, C., Buchala, A., Schoonbeek, H., Metraux, J.P., & Lamotte, O. (2008). Wounding of Arabidopsis leaves causes a powerful but transient protection against Botrytis infection. The Plant Journal, 55 (4), 555-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03540.x
• Coombe, B.C. (1987). Distribution of solutes within the developing grape berry in relation to its morphology. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 120-127. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1987.38.2.120
• Çelik, H. (2006). Üzüm çeşit kataloğu. Sunfidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 3, 165p. Dai, Z.W., Ollat, N., Gomès, E., Decroocq, S., Tandonnet, J. P., Bordenave, L., Pieri, P., Hilbert, G., Kappel, C., van
• Leeuwen, C., Vivin, P., & Delrot, S. (2011). Ecophysiological, genetic, and molecular causes of variation in grape berry weight and composition: A review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 62 (4), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2011.10116
• Ferrer, M., Echeverría, G., & Carbonneau, A. (2014). Effect of berry weight and its components on the contents of sugars and anthocyanins of three varieties of Vitis vinifera L. under different water supply conditions. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 35 (1), 103-113.
• Garrido, A., Conde, A., De Vos, R.C.H., & Cunha, A. (2023). The influence of light microclimate on the lipid profile and associated transcripts of photosynthetically active grape berry seeds. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1022379. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1022379
• González-Barreiro, C., Rial-Otero, R., Cancho-Grande, B., & Simal-Gándara, J. (2015). Wine aroma compounds in grapes: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55 (2), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.650336
• Gray, J.D., & Coombe, B.G. (2009). Variation in berry size originates before fruitset but harvest is a point of resynchronisation for berry development after flowering. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 15, 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00047.x
• Holt, H.E., Francis, I.L., Field, J., Herderich, M.J., & Iland, P.G. (2008). Relationships between berry size, berry phenolic composition and wine quality scores for Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) from different pruning treatments and different vintages. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 14 (3), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00019.x
• Howe, G.A. (2004). Jasmonates as signals in the wound response. Journal of Plant Growth Regulators, 23, 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-004-0030-6
• Korkutal, İ., Bahar, E., & Güvemli Dündar, D. (2020). Determination the effects of antitranspirant application on the grape berry and cluster characteristics in veraison and post-veraison period. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (1), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.594224
• Korkutal, İ., Bahar, E., & Uzun, M. (2023). Effect of berry heterogeneity and water deficit in organic and conventional vineyards on grape berry characteristics. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (3), 510-519. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1264738
• Kök, D., Bal, E., & Çelik, S. (2013). Influences of various canopy management techniques on wine grape quality of V. vinifera L. cv. Kalecik Karasi. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 19 (6), 1247-1252.
• Leon, J., Rojo, E., & Sanchez-Serrano, J.J. (2001). Wound signalling in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52 (354), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.354.1
• Li, Z., Yang, D., Guan, X., Sun, Y., & Wang, J. (2023). Changes in volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes under leaf removal treatment. Agronomy, 13, 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071888
• Lopez, M., Martinez, F., Del Valle, C., Orte, C., & Miro, M. (2001). Analysis of phenolic constituents of biological interest in red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 922 (1-2), 359-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00913-X
• Matthews, M.A., & Anderson, M.M. (1988). Fruit ripening in Vitis vinifera L.: Response to seasonal water deficits. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 39, 313-320. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1988.39.4.313
• Matthews, M.A., & Kriedemann, P.E. (2006). Water deficit, yield, and berry size as factors for composition and sensory attributes of red wine. In: Proceedings ASVO Seminar, pp. 46-54.
• Matthews, M.A., & Nuzzo, V. (2007). Berry size and yield paradigms on grapes and wine quality. In Proc. International Workshop on Advances in Grapevine and Wine Research. Acta Horticulturae, 754, 423-436.
• Migicovsky, Z., Swift, J.F., Helget, Z., Klein, L.L., Ly, A., Maimaitiyiming, M., Woodhouse, K., Fennell, A., Kwasniewski, M., Miller, A.J., Chitwood, D.H., & Cousins, P. (2024). Grapevine leaf size influences canopy temperature. OENO One, 58 (2). https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2024.58.2.7735
• Mirás-Avalos, J.M., Buesa, I., Llacer, E., Jiménez-Bello, M.A., Risco, D., Castel, J.R., & Intrigliolo, D.S. (2017). Water versus source-sink relationships in a semiarid Tempranillo vineyard: vine performance and fruit composition. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 68 (1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2016.16026
• Mori, K., Sugaya, S., & Gemma, H. (2005). Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition. Scientia Horticulturae, 105, 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.20
• PlantGrape (2023). Catalogue des vignes cultivées en France. Retrieved from https://plantgrape.plantnet-project.org/fr/ by June 02, 2023.
• Poni, S., & Libelli N. (2008). Dimensione dell’acino e qualità dell’uva: una relazione non scontata. L’Informatore Agrario, 17, 31-36.
• Roby, G., & Matthews, M.A. (2004). Relative proportions of seed, skin and flesh, in ripe berries from Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines grown in a vineyard either well irrigated or under water deficit. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 10 (1), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2004.tb00009.x
• Roby, G., Harbertson, J.F., Adams, D.A., & Matthews, M.A. (2008). Berry size and vine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: Anthocyanins and tannins. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 10 (2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2004.tb00012.x
• Sardi, E., Korbuly, J., Kiralyne Veghely, Z., & Minsovics, E. (1998). Effect of different stresses on the resveratrol level in various parts of Vitis genotypes. Acta Horticulturae, 528, 597-612. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.528.89
• Schalkwyk, D.V. (2004). Methods to determine berry mass, berry volume and bunch mass. Wynboer A Technical Guide for Wine Producers. Retrieved from www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/0409methods.php3 by July 12, 2023.
• Smart, R.E. (1986). Influence of light on composition and quality of grapes. In: Symposium on Grapevine Canopy and Vigor Management, XXII IHC 206, pp. 37-48.
• Somogyi, E., Kun, A., Lazar, J., Bodor-Pesti, P., & Nyitraine Sardy, D.A. (2021). Quantitative analysis of the berry size in grapevine cultivar ‘Italia’. Digital image analysis of the grapevine. Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences, 17 (S1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/446.2021.30007
• Tanaka, Y., Sugano, S.S., Shimada, T., & Hara-Nishimura, I. (2013). Enhancement of leaf photosynthetic capacity through increased stomatal density in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist, 198 (3), 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12186
• van Leeuwen, C., Destrac-Irvine, A., Gowdy, M., Farris, L., Pieri, P., Marolleau, L., & Gambetta, G.A. (2023). An operational model for capturing grape ripening dynamics to support harvest decisions: This article is published in cooperation with the 22nd GiESCO International Meeting, hosted by Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, July 17-21, 2023. OENO One, 57 (2), 505-522. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7399
• Walker, R.R., Blackmore, D.H., Clingeleffer, P.R., Kerridge, G.H., Rühl, E.H. & Nicholas, P.R. (2005). Shiraz berry size in relation to seed number and implications for juice and wine composition. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 11, 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2005.tb00273.x
• Westoby, M., Falster, D.S., Moles, A.T., Vesk, P.A., & Wright, I.J. (2002). Plant Ecological Strategies: Some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33 (1), 125-159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452