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Sahte İsmini Haketmeyen Genler; Psödogenler

Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 25, - , 30.03.2016

Abstract

Psödogenler, gen benzeri olan fakat genlerden farklı olarak fonksiyonel ürününü kodlayamayan, sahte gen bölgeleridir.  Promotör bölgelerindeki delesyon, insersiyon, çerçeve kayması gibi mutasyon veya zamanından önce stop kodonu bulundurma sonucu meydana gelirler. İnsan genomu, yaklaşık olarak 20.000 psödogen içermektedir. Psödogenler üretildikleri mekanizmalara göre tek kopya, tekrarlayan ve işlenmiş olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan moleküler çalışmalara göre, herhangi bir görevi olmadığı zannedilen psödogenlerin bazı görevlerinin olduğu, hatta bazılarınında kısa peptid ve protein üretebildiği gösterilmiştir. mRNA stabilitesini, gen ekspresyonunu düzenlediği ve genomun evriminde rol oynadığı bildirilmiştir. Bu raporlardan biri de psödogenlerin mikroRNA tuzakları ile tümör süpresör genler ve onkogenlerin düzenlenmesi yeteneğine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Şu ana kadar psödogenlerin oluşum mekanizmaları ve görevleri, hatta psödogenin yapısı ile ilgili hiç Türkçe bir kaynak bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, biz bu derlemede psödogenler hakkında okuyucuyu bilgilendirmeyi amaçladık.

Sonuç olarak ise bu genlerin ‘sahte’ ismini hak etmediğini, moleküler çalışmalar ile bu genlerin hücrede gen ekspresyonunda önemli rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu yüzden bilim camiasında bu genlerin fonksiyonları doğrultusunda yeniden isimlendirilmeleri gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Psödogen, Sahte gen, Gen, mikroRNA

References

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  • Kasap M. Gen İfadesinin Kontrolü. In: Kasap H, editor. Tibbi Biyoloji ve Genetik. Adana: Nobel Kitap Evi; 2010. p. 231-8.
  • Kasap H. Genom Organizasyonu: DNA Dizileri ve Kromozom. . In: Kasap H, editor. Tibbi Biyoloji ve Genetik. Adana Nobel Kitap Evi; 2010. p. 239-63.
  • Jacq C, Miller JR, Brownlee GG. A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis. Cell. 1977;12(1):109-20.
  • Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman WJ, Pandolfi PP. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature. 2010;465(7301):1033-8.
  • Li W, Yang, Wei ve Wang, Xiu-jie. . Pseudogenes: Pseudo or Real Functional Elements? Jounal of Genetics and Genomics 2013,;40:171-7.
  • Xiao-Jie L, Ai-Mei G, Li-Juan J, Jiang X. Pseudogene in cancer: real functions and promising signature. Journal of medical genetics. 2015;52(1):17-24.
  • Pink RC, Wicks K, Caley DP, Punch EK, Jacobs L, Carter DR. Pseudogenes: pseudo-functional or key regulators in health and disease? Rna. 2011;17(5):792-8.
  • Piehler AP, Hellum M, Wenzel JJ, Kaminski E, Haug KB, Kierulf P, et al. The human ABC transporter pseudogene family: Evidence for transcription and gene-pseudogene interference. BMC genomics. 2008;9:165.
  • Lin H, Shabbir A, Molnar M, Lee T. Stem cell regulatory function mediated by expression of a novel mouse Oct4 pseudogene. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2007;355(1):111-6.
  • Ecevit H, Motor S, İzmirli M. Genden Tedaviye Yeni Yaklaşımlar: Kodlanmayan Nükleik Asitler. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi. 2013;13(4):26-34.
  • Tam OH, Aravin AA, Stein P, Girard A, Murchison EP, Cheloufi S, et al. Pseudogene-derived small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in mouse oocytes. Nature. 2008;453(7194):534-8.
  • Watanabe T, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kaneda M, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Obata Y, et al. Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes. Nature. 2008;453(7194):539-43.
  • Pink RC, Carter DR. Pseudogenes as regulators of biological function. Essays in biochemistry. 2013;54:103-12.
  • McCarrey JR, Riggs AD. Determinator-inhibitor pairs as a mechanism for threshold setting in development: a possible function for pseudogenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1986;83(3):679-83.
  • Korneev SA, Park JH, O'Shea M. Neuronal expression of neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein is suppressed by an antisense RNA transcribed from an NOS pseudogene. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1999;19(18):7711-20.
  • Hawkins PG, Morris KV. Transcriptional regulation of Oct4 by a long non-coding RNA antisense to Oct4-pseudogene 5. Transcription. 2010;1(3):165-75.
  • Betran E, Wang W, Jin L, Long M. Evolution of the phosphoglycerate mutase processed gene in human and chimpanzee revealing the origin of a new primate gene. Molecular biology and evolution. 2002;19(5):654-63.
  • Dierick HA, Mercer JF, Glover TW. A phosphoglycerate mutase brain isoform (PGAM 1) pseudogene is localized within the human Menkes disease gene (ATP7 A). Gene. 1997;198(1-2):37-41.
  • Kandouz M, Bier A, Carystinos GD, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Batist G. Connexin43 pseudogene is expressed in tumor cells and inhibits growth. Oncogene. 2004;23(27):4763-70.
Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 25, - , 30.03.2016

Abstract

References

  • Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171(4356):737-8.
  • Kasap M. Gen İfadesinin Kontrolü. In: Kasap H, editor. Tibbi Biyoloji ve Genetik. Adana: Nobel Kitap Evi; 2010. p. 231-8.
  • Kasap H. Genom Organizasyonu: DNA Dizileri ve Kromozom. . In: Kasap H, editor. Tibbi Biyoloji ve Genetik. Adana Nobel Kitap Evi; 2010. p. 239-63.
  • Jacq C, Miller JR, Brownlee GG. A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis. Cell. 1977;12(1):109-20.
  • Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman WJ, Pandolfi PP. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature. 2010;465(7301):1033-8.
  • Li W, Yang, Wei ve Wang, Xiu-jie. . Pseudogenes: Pseudo or Real Functional Elements? Jounal of Genetics and Genomics 2013,;40:171-7.
  • Xiao-Jie L, Ai-Mei G, Li-Juan J, Jiang X. Pseudogene in cancer: real functions and promising signature. Journal of medical genetics. 2015;52(1):17-24.
  • Pink RC, Wicks K, Caley DP, Punch EK, Jacobs L, Carter DR. Pseudogenes: pseudo-functional or key regulators in health and disease? Rna. 2011;17(5):792-8.
  • Piehler AP, Hellum M, Wenzel JJ, Kaminski E, Haug KB, Kierulf P, et al. The human ABC transporter pseudogene family: Evidence for transcription and gene-pseudogene interference. BMC genomics. 2008;9:165.
  • Lin H, Shabbir A, Molnar M, Lee T. Stem cell regulatory function mediated by expression of a novel mouse Oct4 pseudogene. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2007;355(1):111-6.
  • Ecevit H, Motor S, İzmirli M. Genden Tedaviye Yeni Yaklaşımlar: Kodlanmayan Nükleik Asitler. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi. 2013;13(4):26-34.
  • Tam OH, Aravin AA, Stein P, Girard A, Murchison EP, Cheloufi S, et al. Pseudogene-derived small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in mouse oocytes. Nature. 2008;453(7194):534-8.
  • Watanabe T, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, Kaneda M, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Obata Y, et al. Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes. Nature. 2008;453(7194):539-43.
  • Pink RC, Carter DR. Pseudogenes as regulators of biological function. Essays in biochemistry. 2013;54:103-12.
  • McCarrey JR, Riggs AD. Determinator-inhibitor pairs as a mechanism for threshold setting in development: a possible function for pseudogenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1986;83(3):679-83.
  • Korneev SA, Park JH, O'Shea M. Neuronal expression of neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein is suppressed by an antisense RNA transcribed from an NOS pseudogene. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1999;19(18):7711-20.
  • Hawkins PG, Morris KV. Transcriptional regulation of Oct4 by a long non-coding RNA antisense to Oct4-pseudogene 5. Transcription. 2010;1(3):165-75.
  • Betran E, Wang W, Jin L, Long M. Evolution of the phosphoglycerate mutase processed gene in human and chimpanzee revealing the origin of a new primate gene. Molecular biology and evolution. 2002;19(5):654-63.
  • Dierick HA, Mercer JF, Glover TW. A phosphoglycerate mutase brain isoform (PGAM 1) pseudogene is localized within the human Menkes disease gene (ATP7 A). Gene. 1997;198(1-2):37-41.
  • Kandouz M, Bier A, Carystinos GD, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Batist G. Connexin43 pseudogene is expressed in tumor cells and inhibits growth. Oncogene. 2004;23(27):4763-70.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Dilara Sönmez

Bülent Göğebakan

Hasret Ecevit This is me

Leyla Ataç

Meral Urhan Küçük

Müzeyyen İzmirli

Publication Date March 30, 2016
Submission Date October 16, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 7 Issue: 25

Cite

Vancouver Sönmez D, Göğebakan B, Ecevit H, Ataç L, Urhan Küçük M, İzmirli M. Sahte İsmini Haketmeyen Genler; Psödogenler. mkutfd. 2016;7(25).