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YENİ MEDYA İMKÂNLARIYLA NEOLİBERAL DÜNYADA SEYAHAT VE ÇALIŞMA: WORKAWAY TURİZMİ VE GÖNÜLLÜ EMEK

Year 2019, , 286 - 304, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2020.2.286304

Abstract

Küreselleşen yeni ekonomilerin yükselişine paralel olarak, turizm alanında da küresel organizasyonu kolaylaştıran ve katılımcı pratikleri yaygınlaştıran iletişim araçlarının vasıtasıyla yeni pazarlar açılmıştır. Gönüllü turizmi, küresel turizm pazarı içerisinde giderek genişleyen ve çeşitlenen alt alanlardan biridir. İnternet ortamının sağladığı olanaklarla dünyanın farklı bölgelerinden birbirini tanımayan milyonlarca kişi iletişim ağları kurmakta ve dünya çapında seyahat etmenin alternatif alanlarını yaratmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, gönüllü turizmi içerisinde değerlendirilebilecek workaway.info inisiyatifinin kurduğu toplumsal etkileşim ağının niteliği tartışmaya açılacaktır. Katılımcı pratikleri nasıl yönlendirdiği, nasıl bir çalışan figürü inşa ettiği üzerine odaklanılacak ve bu figürle daha geniş düzlemdeki sosyo-ekonomik gelişmeler arasındaki bağlar değerlendirilecektir. Araştırmada, workaway inisiyatifinin web sayfası (www.workaway.info) netnografik araştırma yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, araştırmanın çerçevesi, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yakın dönemde Workaway sisteminin işleyişi hakkında bilgi veren gözlem ve değerlendirmelerle genişletilmiştir.

References

  • Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Artun, A. (2014). Sanat Emeği Kültür İşçileri ve Prekarite. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Benson, M. A. (2011). Volunteer Tourism, Theory and Practice. Benson, M.A. (ed.) Volunteer Tourism (1-6). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Binark, M. (2007). Yeni Medya Çalışmalarında Yeni Sorular ve Yöntem Sorunu. Binark, M. (Der.), içinde, Yeni Medya Çalışmaları (21-44). Ankara: Dipnot.
  • Castells, M. (2005). Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi. (E. Kılıç, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Çomu, T. ve Halaiqa, İ. (2014). Web İçeriklerinin Metin Temelli Çözümlemesi. Binark, M. (Der.), içinde, Yeni Medya Çalışmalarında Araştırma Yöntem ve Teknikleri (26-88). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Brennan, C. (2018). Northern Lights Instead of Workers’ Rights: Volunteer Working Tourists in Finnish Lapland. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. 8(2), 43-61.
  • Dlaske, K., Barakos, E., Motobayashi, K and McLaughlin, M. (2016). Languaging the Worker: Globalized Governmentalities in/of Language in Peripheral Spaces. Multilingua, Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication. 35(4), 345- 359. doi:10.1515/multi-2015-0009 (10/07/2018)
  • Dlaske, K. (2016). Shaping Subjects of Globalisation: At The Intersection of Voluntourism And The New Economy. Multilingua. 35(4), 415-440.
  • Harvey, D. (1997). Postmodernliğin Durumu. (S. Savran, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis. Kauppinen, K. (2014). Welcome To The End of The World! Resignifying Periphery Under The New Economy: A Nexus Analytical View of a Tourist Website. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 9 (1), 1-19. doi:10.1080/17447143.2013.831422 (05/06/2018).
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography For Marketing Research in Online Communities. Journal of Marketing Research. 39, 61–72. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935. (10/05/2017).
  • Kulavuz-Onal, D. and Vasquez, C. (2013). Reconceptualising Fieldwork in a Netnography of An Online Community of English Language Teachers. Ethnography and Education 8(2), 224–238. doi: 10.1080/17457823.2013.792511 (05/05/2017).
  • Lyons, K.D. and Wearing, S. (2008). Volunteer Tourism As Alternative Tourism: Journeys Beyond Otherness. Lyons, K. and Wearing, S. (ed.) Journey Of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism. UK: Cabi International, 3-12.
  • Mintel, (2008). Volunteer Tourism – International – September 2008, London: Mintel International Group Ltd.
  • Rageh, A., Melewar, T.C., and Woodside, A. (2013). Using Netnography Research Method to Reveal The Underlying Dimensions of The Customer/Tourist Experience. Qualita- tive Market Research: An International Journal. 16(2), 126–149. doi: 10.1108/13522751311317558 (06/06/2018).
  • Sennett, R. (2002). Karakter Aşınması. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Sennett, R. (2009). Yeni Kapitalizmin Kültürü. (A. Onacak, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Standing, G. (2014). Prekarya Yeni Tehlikeli Sınıf. (E. Bulut, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim. Standing, G. (2017). Prekarya Bildirgesi. (S. Çınar, S. Demiralp, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Thompson, J., Curran, R. and O’Gorman, K. (2017). A Modern Day Panopticon: Using Power And Control Theory to Manage Volunteer Tourists in Bolivia. Tourism Management Perspectives. 22, 34-43. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003 (05/05/2017)
  • TRAM, (2008). Volunteer Tourism: A Global Analysis. Barcelona: ATLAS.
  • Tomazos, K. and Cooper, W. (2012). Volunteer Tourism: At The Crossroads of Commercialisation And Service?. Current Issues in Tourism. 15(5), 405–423.
  • Uriely, N. and Reichel, A. (2000). Working Tourists and Their Attitudes to Hosts. Annals of Tourism Research 27(2), 267-283. doi: 10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00071-7 (10/05/2017).
  • Uriely, N. (2001). Travelling Workers’ and ‘Working Tourists’: Variations Across the Interaction Between Work and Tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research. 3(1), 1-8. doi:10.1002/1522-1970(200101/02) (15/05/2017).
  • Uriely, N., Reichel, A. and Ron, A. (2003). Volunteering in Tourism: Additional Thinking. Tourism Recreation Research 28(3), 57–62. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2003.11081417 (15/05/2017)
  • Urry, J. (1999). Mekanları Tüketmek. (R. G. Öğdül, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Wearing, S., Deville, A., and Lyons, A. (2008). The Volunteer’s Journey Through Leisure into the Self. Lyons, K. and Wearing, S. (ed.) Journey Of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism. UK: Cabi International, 63-72.

TRAVEL AND WORK IN THE NEOLIBERAL WORLD WITH THE OPPORTUNITIES OF NEW MEDIA: WORKAWAY TOURISM AND VOLUNTARY LABOR

Year 2019, , 286 - 304, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2020.2.286304

Abstract

Parallel to the rise of globalized new economies, new markets have been opened with the advantages of communication tools that facilitate the global organization and participatory practices in tourism. Volunteer tourism is one of the sub-areas that are expanding and diversifying within the global tourism market. With the opportunities provided by the internet environment, millions of people from different parts of the world, who do not know each other, can establish communication networks and create alternative ways of traveling around the world. In this research, the nature of the social interaction network established by the workaway.info initiative, which can be evaluated in voluntary tourism, will be discussed. The focus will be on how to build an employee figure and the links between this figure and socio-economic developments on a wider plane and how to direct participatory practices. In the study, the web page of the workaway initiative (www.workaway.info) was examined using netnographic research methods. In addition, the scope of the research has expanded by observations and evaluations that provide information about the functioning of the Workaway system in the world and in Turkey in the near term.

References

  • Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Artun, A. (2014). Sanat Emeği Kültür İşçileri ve Prekarite. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Benson, M. A. (2011). Volunteer Tourism, Theory and Practice. Benson, M.A. (ed.) Volunteer Tourism (1-6). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Binark, M. (2007). Yeni Medya Çalışmalarında Yeni Sorular ve Yöntem Sorunu. Binark, M. (Der.), içinde, Yeni Medya Çalışmaları (21-44). Ankara: Dipnot.
  • Castells, M. (2005). Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi. (E. Kılıç, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Çomu, T. ve Halaiqa, İ. (2014). Web İçeriklerinin Metin Temelli Çözümlemesi. Binark, M. (Der.), içinde, Yeni Medya Çalışmalarında Araştırma Yöntem ve Teknikleri (26-88). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Brennan, C. (2018). Northern Lights Instead of Workers’ Rights: Volunteer Working Tourists in Finnish Lapland. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. 8(2), 43-61.
  • Dlaske, K., Barakos, E., Motobayashi, K and McLaughlin, M. (2016). Languaging the Worker: Globalized Governmentalities in/of Language in Peripheral Spaces. Multilingua, Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication. 35(4), 345- 359. doi:10.1515/multi-2015-0009 (10/07/2018)
  • Dlaske, K. (2016). Shaping Subjects of Globalisation: At The Intersection of Voluntourism And The New Economy. Multilingua. 35(4), 415-440.
  • Harvey, D. (1997). Postmodernliğin Durumu. (S. Savran, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis. Kauppinen, K. (2014). Welcome To The End of The World! Resignifying Periphery Under The New Economy: A Nexus Analytical View of a Tourist Website. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 9 (1), 1-19. doi:10.1080/17447143.2013.831422 (05/06/2018).
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography For Marketing Research in Online Communities. Journal of Marketing Research. 39, 61–72. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935. (10/05/2017).
  • Kulavuz-Onal, D. and Vasquez, C. (2013). Reconceptualising Fieldwork in a Netnography of An Online Community of English Language Teachers. Ethnography and Education 8(2), 224–238. doi: 10.1080/17457823.2013.792511 (05/05/2017).
  • Lyons, K.D. and Wearing, S. (2008). Volunteer Tourism As Alternative Tourism: Journeys Beyond Otherness. Lyons, K. and Wearing, S. (ed.) Journey Of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism. UK: Cabi International, 3-12.
  • Mintel, (2008). Volunteer Tourism – International – September 2008, London: Mintel International Group Ltd.
  • Rageh, A., Melewar, T.C., and Woodside, A. (2013). Using Netnography Research Method to Reveal The Underlying Dimensions of The Customer/Tourist Experience. Qualita- tive Market Research: An International Journal. 16(2), 126–149. doi: 10.1108/13522751311317558 (06/06/2018).
  • Sennett, R. (2002). Karakter Aşınması. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Sennett, R. (2009). Yeni Kapitalizmin Kültürü. (A. Onacak, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Standing, G. (2014). Prekarya Yeni Tehlikeli Sınıf. (E. Bulut, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim. Standing, G. (2017). Prekarya Bildirgesi. (S. Çınar, S. Demiralp, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Thompson, J., Curran, R. and O’Gorman, K. (2017). A Modern Day Panopticon: Using Power And Control Theory to Manage Volunteer Tourists in Bolivia. Tourism Management Perspectives. 22, 34-43. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003 (05/05/2017)
  • TRAM, (2008). Volunteer Tourism: A Global Analysis. Barcelona: ATLAS.
  • Tomazos, K. and Cooper, W. (2012). Volunteer Tourism: At The Crossroads of Commercialisation And Service?. Current Issues in Tourism. 15(5), 405–423.
  • Uriely, N. and Reichel, A. (2000). Working Tourists and Their Attitudes to Hosts. Annals of Tourism Research 27(2), 267-283. doi: 10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00071-7 (10/05/2017).
  • Uriely, N. (2001). Travelling Workers’ and ‘Working Tourists’: Variations Across the Interaction Between Work and Tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research. 3(1), 1-8. doi:10.1002/1522-1970(200101/02) (15/05/2017).
  • Uriely, N., Reichel, A. and Ron, A. (2003). Volunteering in Tourism: Additional Thinking. Tourism Recreation Research 28(3), 57–62. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2003.11081417 (15/05/2017)
  • Urry, J. (1999). Mekanları Tüketmek. (R. G. Öğdül, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Wearing, S., Deville, A., and Lyons, A. (2008). The Volunteer’s Journey Through Leisure into the Self. Lyons, K. and Wearing, S. (ed.) Journey Of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism. UK: Cabi International, 63-72.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles (Thematic)
Authors

Gamze Toksoy 0000-0002-7506-897X

Publication Date December 15, 2019
Submission Date December 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Toksoy, G. (2019). YENİ MEDYA İMKÂNLARIYLA NEOLİBERAL DÜNYADA SEYAHAT VE ÇALIŞMA: WORKAWAY TURİZMİ VE GÖNÜLLÜ EMEK. Moment Dergi, 6(2), 286-304. https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2020.2.286304