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MODERN KAPİTALİZMİN NEGATİF KÖKENİ, VEBA SALGINLARI VE KÜRESEL KAPİTALİZMİN KORONA PANDEMİSİ

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 59, 138 - 169, 17.11.2020

Abstract

Kovid 19 pandemisi kapitalizmin 300 yıldır aralıksız dönerek küreselleşmiş endüstriyel ve finansal çarkını ve buna bağlı olarak dünya genelinde yaşanılan sosyal ve ekonomik hayatı bir müddetliğine bile olsa durdurması itibariyle benzersiz bir ilk örnek olarak şimdiden tarihe geçmiştir. Genellikle Modern kapitalizmin gelişimini ve onu açığa çıkaran etmenleri tespitte Rönesans, Reform süreçleri, hümanizm akımları, coğrafi keşifler, kentlerin ve emeğin yükselişi, monarşilerin yaygınlaşması, kolonyalizm, toplum sözleşmeleri, Protestan Ahlakı, bireycilik, ulusçuluk, bilimsel ve felsefi paradigma değişikleri, endüstriyel üretim ve finansın bağımsız bir iktisat öğesi haline gelmesi gibi nitelik ve dönüşümlere vurgu yapılır. Bu süreçlerde tarih boyunca açığa çıkan, doğal felaketler, iklim değişiklikleri, kıtlık ve açlık krizleri, savaşlar ve salgınlar gibi negatif olgular ise genellikle dolaylı olarak ele alınır. Sağlıkla ilgili bir sorunun küresel kapitalizmin işleyişine yönelik etkisini değerlendirebilmek için kapitalizmin gelişimi sürecine şekillendirici bir etki sağlayan 14. yüzyıl veba salgınları önemlidir. İki yüz yıl kadar süren bu salgınlar ile modern kapitalizmin arasındaki ilişki, negatif bir tarihselliğe sahiptir. Yaşanan değişimlerin ilk elden görünmeyen bu tarihsel arka planı, küreselleşme olgusunun da etkisiyle günümüz salgınında doğrudan açığa çıkmıştır. Modern kapitalizmin birey ve toplum yapılarının şekillenmesinde salgınların ve neden oldukları sosyo-ekonomik sonuçların dikkate alınması, günümüzdeki süreçlerinin yönünü tespitte tarihsel bir derinlik sağlayacaktır.

References

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  • Buell, Paul D. & Fiaschetti F. (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire (Second Edition). Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Byrne, Joseph P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Black Death (First Edition). Santa Barbara/California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
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  • El Lehibi, Fethi Salim Hamiydi & El Hadidi, Faiz Ali Bahiyyet, (2013). Cevanib min el Hayat’is Siyasiyyeti ve’l İktisadiyyeti ve’l İctimaiyyeti fi’l Asr’il Memluki: Tefsirun Cediyd. Amman: Dar Ghaida'a publishing and distribution.
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  • Gottfried, Robert S. (1985). The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (Print Book). New York: The Free Press.
  • Günyol, V. (1996). “Önsöz”, Campanella: Güneş Ülkesi (3. Baskı). (çev. V. Günyol, H. Kazgan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları.
  • Hearder, H. & Morris J. (2001). Italy: A Short History (First Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • IMF, (2020 October). World Economic Outlook :A Long and Diffucult Ascent. Washington: IMF Publication Services. Erişim Adresi: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
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  • Marx, K. (Ed. N. Satlıgan, O. Türel, E. Özalp). (2019). Kapital: Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisi, Cilt. I: Sermayenin Üretim Süreci, (12. Basım). (Çev. M. Çevik, N. Satlıgan. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • McNeill, John T. (1967). The History and The Character of Calvinism (Reprint Edition). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Mez, A. (2014). Onuncu Yüzyılda İslam Medeniyeti: İslam’ın Rönesansı (2. Baskı). (çev. Salih Şaban). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Modras, R. (2004). The Catholic Church and Antisemitism, Poland 1933-1939 (Reprinted Second Edition). London and New York: Routledge.
  • NCI Thesaurus (26 Mayıs 2020). “Medical Economics (Code C16527)”. Terminologies. Erişim Adresi: https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/pages/home.jsf;jsessionid=193A0760BA82A1B01B9EC64BFFA64A1D. Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2020.
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  • Rastrojo, Alberto & Antonio Alcami (ed. Carolyn M. Malmstrom). (2018). “Viruses in Polar Lake and Soil Ecosystems”: Enviromental Virology and Virus Echology. (First Edition). In (39-52). London: Elsevier.
  • Rothschild, E. (2002). Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith Condorcet and the Enlightenment. (Second Printing). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Ruiz, Teofilo F. (1998). “The Business of Salvation: Castilian Wills in the Late Middle Ages, 1200-1400”. On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan (The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1453. vol. 19). (Ed. Donald J. Kagay&Theresa M. Vann). In (63-92). Leiden: Brill.
  • Smith, A. (2006). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. (Dover Edition). Mineola: Dover Publications.
  • Smith, A. (Ed. J. C. Bryce). (1983). Adam Smith’s Lectures on Rethoric and Belles Letters. (Glasgow Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, A. (Ed. S. M. Soares). (2007). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (Digital Edition). Amsterdam: ΜεταLibri Dijital Books.
  • TUBA (Ed. M. Şeker vd.). (2020). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Covid 19 Değerlendirme Raporu Ankara. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/T%C3% 9CBA%20Covid-19%20Raporu%206.%20G%C3%BCncelleme.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2020.
  • Webber, R. (2012). Communicable Diseases: 4th Edition A Global Perspective. Wallingford: CABI.
  • Weber, M. (1975). Roscher and Knies: the Logical Problem of Historical Economics. (trs. Guy Oakes). New York: Free Press.
  • Weber, M. (1999). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (çev. Zeynep Gürata). (2. Baskı). Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları.
  • Weynberg, Caren D. (2018). “Viruses in Marine Echosystems: From Open Waters to Corel Reefs”. Enviromental Virology and Virus Echology. (Ed. Carolyn M. Malmstrom). In (1-27). London: Elsevier.
  • World Investment Report. (2020). International Product Beyond The Pandemic, (United Nations Conference on Trade and Devolepment 2020). Erişim Adresi: https://unctad.org/en/ PublicationsLibrary/wir2020_en.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
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Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 59, 138 - 169, 17.11.2020

Abstract

References

  • Aczel, Amir D. (2005). Descartes's Secret Notebook: A True Tale of Mathematics, Mysticism, and the Quest to Understand the Universe. (First Edition). New York: Broadway Books.
  • Belich, J. (2016). “The Black Death and the Spread of Europa”. The Prospect of Global History. (Ed. J. Bellich, J. Darwin, M. Frenz, C. Wickham). (First Edition). In (93-107). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Benedictow, Ole J. (2004). The Black Death. 1346-1353: The Complete History. (First Edition). Woodbridge: The Boydel Press.
  • Bowsky, William M. (1971). The Black Death: a Turning Point in History? New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Boys, J. ve Stewart K. J. (1997). The Works of John Boys (Reprint Edition). Morgan PA: Soli Deo Gloria Publications.
  • Buell, Paul D. & Fiaschetti F. (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire (Second Edition). Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Byrne, Joseph P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Black Death (First Edition). Santa Barbara/California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
  • Cantor, N. (2015). In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made (First Paperback Edition). New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Clarke, Desmond M. (2006). Descartes: A Biography (First Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clingan, E. (2015). Capitalism: A Modern Economic History. Bloomington: iUniverse.
  • Dean, K. R., Krauer F., Walløe L., Lingjærde O. C., Bramanti B., Stenseth N. C. & Schmid B. V. (2018). “Human ectoparasites and spread of plague in Europe”. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Feb, Number: 115 (6) Year: 2018, 1304 1309. DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.1715640115, 1304-1309.
  • Descartes, R. (2010). Metot Üzerine Konuşma (2. Baskı). (Çev. K. Sahit Sel). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları.
  • Dolls, M. W. (1977). The Black Death in the Midle East (First Edition). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • El Lehibi, Fethi Salim Hamiydi & El Hadidi, Faiz Ali Bahiyyet, (2013). Cevanib min el Hayat’is Siyasiyyeti ve’l İktisadiyyeti ve’l İctimaiyyeti fi’l Asr’il Memluki: Tefsirun Cediyd. Amman: Dar Ghaida'a publishing and distribution.
  • El Mes’udi, Ebu’l Hasen, Ali bin Hüseyin (1971). Müruc Ez-Zeheb ve Meadinü’l Cevher: El Cüz’ül Evvel. (thk. Müfid Muhammed Kamiha). Beyrut: Dar’ül Kütüb el İlmiye.
  • Gottfried, Robert S. (1985). The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (Print Book). New York: The Free Press.
  • Günyol, V. (1996). “Önsöz”, Campanella: Güneş Ülkesi (3. Baskı). (çev. V. Günyol, H. Kazgan). İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları.
  • Hearder, H. & Morris J. (2001). Italy: A Short History (First Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • IMF, (2020 October). World Economic Outlook :A Long and Diffucult Ascent. Washington: IMF Publication Services. Erişim Adresi: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
  • İbn Kesîr, El Hafız Ebü’l-Fidâ (1988). El-Bidâye ve’n-Nihâye (thk. Muhammed Süleyman El Eşkur, nşr, Muhammed Münib Mahyev, Fhr Hzr. Abdullah Enis Et Tabba’ Abdul Fettah Muhammed El Halev v.dğr.). Beyrut: Mektebet’ül Mearif.
  • Keim, Paul S. ve Wagner David M. (2009). “Humans and Evolutionary and Ecological Forces Shaped the Phylogeography of Recently Emerged Diseases”. Nature reviews.
  • Microbiology, Number: 7 (11), Year: 12 Oct 2009, 813-821. Erişim Adresi: https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/ pmc2794044, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020.
  • Keynes, J. M. A. (2004). Treatise on Probability. (Dover Phoenix Editions, First Published in 1921, First Dover Unabridged Edition). Mineola: Dover Publications INC.
  • Li, Q. H., Ma, Y. H., Wang N., et al. (2020). “Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures”. Traditional Medicine Research. Number: 5 (3). Year: 2020, 136–144. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr/EN/10.12032/TMR20200222166. Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020.
  • Marx, K. (Ed. N. Satlıgan, O. Türel, E. Özalp). (2019). Kapital: Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisi, Cilt. I: Sermayenin Üretim Süreci, (12. Basım). (Çev. M. Çevik, N. Satlıgan. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • McNeill, John T. (1967). The History and The Character of Calvinism (Reprint Edition). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Mez, A. (2014). Onuncu Yüzyılda İslam Medeniyeti: İslam’ın Rönesansı (2. Baskı). (çev. Salih Şaban). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Modras, R. (2004). The Catholic Church and Antisemitism, Poland 1933-1939 (Reprinted Second Edition). London and New York: Routledge.
  • NCI Thesaurus (26 Mayıs 2020). “Medical Economics (Code C16527)”. Terminologies. Erişim Adresi: https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/pages/home.jsf;jsessionid=193A0760BA82A1B01B9EC64BFFA64A1D. Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2020.
  • Park, M-S & Kayatekin, S. (Ed. Sheila C. Dow, John Hillard). (2002). “Organicism, uncertainty and societal interactionism: a Derridean perspective”. Keynes, Uncertainty and the Global Economy: Beyond Keynes, Volume Two. (First Published). In (106-127). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Rastrojo, Alberto & Antonio Alcami (ed. Carolyn M. Malmstrom). (2018). “Viruses in Polar Lake and Soil Ecosystems”: Enviromental Virology and Virus Echology. (First Edition). In (39-52). London: Elsevier.
  • Rothschild, E. (2002). Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith Condorcet and the Enlightenment. (Second Printing). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Ruiz, Teofilo F. (1998). “The Business of Salvation: Castilian Wills in the Late Middle Ages, 1200-1400”. On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan (The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1453. vol. 19). (Ed. Donald J. Kagay&Theresa M. Vann). In (63-92). Leiden: Brill.
  • Smith, A. (2006). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. (Dover Edition). Mineola: Dover Publications.
  • Smith, A. (Ed. J. C. Bryce). (1983). Adam Smith’s Lectures on Rethoric and Belles Letters. (Glasgow Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, A. (Ed. S. M. Soares). (2007). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (Digital Edition). Amsterdam: ΜεταLibri Dijital Books.
  • TUBA (Ed. M. Şeker vd.). (2020). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Covid 19 Değerlendirme Raporu Ankara. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/T%C3% 9CBA%20Covid-19%20Raporu%206.%20G%C3%BCncelleme.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2020.
  • Webber, R. (2012). Communicable Diseases: 4th Edition A Global Perspective. Wallingford: CABI.
  • Weber, M. (1975). Roscher and Knies: the Logical Problem of Historical Economics. (trs. Guy Oakes). New York: Free Press.
  • Weber, M. (1999). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (çev. Zeynep Gürata). (2. Baskı). Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları.
  • Weynberg, Caren D. (2018). “Viruses in Marine Echosystems: From Open Waters to Corel Reefs”. Enviromental Virology and Virus Echology. (Ed. Carolyn M. Malmstrom). In (1-27). London: Elsevier.
  • World Investment Report. (2020). International Product Beyond The Pandemic, (United Nations Conference on Trade and Devolepment 2020). Erişim Adresi: https://unctad.org/en/ PublicationsLibrary/wir2020_en.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
  • Worldometers (15 Ekim 2020). “Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic”. Erişim Adresi: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
  • wto.org /World Trade Organization. (8 Nisan 2020). “Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy”. Erişim Adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_ e/pr855_e.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mustafa Said Kurşunoğlu 0000-0003-3439-8371

Publication Date November 17, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Kurşunoğlu, M. S. (2020). MODERN KAPİTALİZMİN NEGATİF KÖKENİ, VEBA SALGINLARI VE KÜRESEL KAPİTALİZMİN KORONA PANDEMİSİ. Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi, 16(59), 138-169.

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