ABD’de Apartheidın Değişen Yüzleri

Year 2022, , 15 - 24, 30.06.2022

Adem Üstün Çatalbaş

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.1079191

Abstract

Bu makale Amerika Birleşik Devletlerindeki günümüzde hala, başta siyahlar olmak üzere ırkî azınlık gruplarına, sistematik bir şekilde uygulanan ırk ayrımcılığının kapsamını belirlemektedir. Bunu yaparken de, karşılaştırmalı tarihi sosyolojik metodu uygulayarak, ülkedeki ırk ayrımının tarihi kökenlerini takip etmektedir. Söz konusu sosyolojik yaklaşım zaman içerisinde aynı ırk siyasetinin - ırkî azınlıkların beyaz çoğunluktan ayrıştırılması - farklı tatbiklerini karşılaştırma olanağı tanımaktadır. Bu makaledeki ana amaçlardan biri, okuyucuya ABD’deki ırkî ayrımcılığın zaman içerisinde değişen doğasını göstermektir. Dolayısıyla, bu makale iki ana akademik soru üzerine inşa edilmiştir: 1) ABD’deki ırk ayrımının ülkenin kuruluşundan bu yana tarihi safhaları nelerdir? ve 2) ABD’deki ırk ayrımcılığının (eğer varsa) çağdaş uygulamaları nelerdir?

Keywords

ırkçılık, ABD, apartheid, ayrımcılık, ırk ayrımı

Changing Faces of the American Apartheid

Abstract

This article pinpoints the contemporary racial segregation in the USA which has still implemented systematically against racial minorities; especially against blacks. While doing so, it also traces the historical roots of the color line in the country by employing comparative historical sociological methodology. This methodology allows us to compare different implementations of the same racial policy over time: discriminate racial minorities from white majority. One of the main purposes is to show the reader the changing nature of the racial segregation over time in the US context. Thus, this article has two main scholarly questions to answer; 1) What are the main historical phases of the color line in the US since its foundation?, and 2) What are the contemporary practices of racial segregation in the US (if there are any)?

Keywords

racism, USA, apartheid, slavery, color line, segregation

References

• Alba, R. and Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press.
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). "Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation." American Sociological Review 62:465-480.
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 931-950.
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2013). Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham: Rowan and Littlefield.
• Burton, L. M., Bonilla-Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., and Hordge Freeman, E. (2010). Critical Race Theories, Colorism, and the Decade’s Research on Families of Color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), Pp. 440-459.
• Castrellón, L. E., Reyna Rivarola, A. R., and López, G. R. (2017). ‘We are not alternative facts: feeling, existing, and resisting in the era of Trump’. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30:10, 936-945.
• Daniels, R. (1990). Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. New York: Harper Collins.
• DuBois, W. E. B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folks. Chicago: McClurg & Co.
• Ellen, I. G. (1998). Stable Racial Integration in the Contemporary United States: An Empirical Overview. Journal of Urban Affairs 20:27-42.
• Graham, D. A., Green, A., Murphy, C., and Richards, P. (2019). ‘An Oral History of Trump’s Bigotry’. The Atlantic. Retrieved ( https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/06/trump-racism-comments/588067/) (Last seen: 02/09/2021).
• Grandin, G. (2014). The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World. New York: Metropolitan Books.
• Harari, Y. N. (2015). Hayvanlardan Tanrılara Sapiens: İnsan Türünün Kısa Bir Tarihi, Çev. Ertuğrul Genç. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.
• Hartman, C. W., and Squires, G. D. (2010). The Integration Debate: Competing futures for American cities. New York: Routledge.
• Herrstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1996). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press Paperbacks.
• Hordge-Freeman, E. (2015). The Color of Love: Racial Socialization, Differential Treatment and Well-Being in Afro-Brazilian Families. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Klein, E. (2018). ‘Sam Harris, Charles Murray, and the allure of race science’. Vox. Retrieved (https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/27/15695060/sam-harris-charles-murray-race-iq-forbidden-knowledge-podcast-bell-curve) (Last seen: 01/30/2021).
• Maly, M. T. (2005). Beyond Segregation: Multiracial and Multiethnic Neighborhoods in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
• Massey, D. S. and Denton, N. A. (2001). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. (9th Printing). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Sclafani, J. (2017). Talking Donald Trump: A sociolinguistic study of style, metadiscourse, and political identity. New York: Routledge.
• Omi, M., and Winant, H. (2014). Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.
• Vasquez, J. M. (2014). “The Whitening Hypothesis Challenged: Biculturalism in Latino and Non-Hispanic White Intermarriage.” Sociological Forum 29(2): 386-407.
• Wilson, W. J. (2012). The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. (3rd edition) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Young, R. J. C. (2016). Postcolonializm: An Historical Introduction. West Sussex, UK: Wiley and Sons.
• Zuberi, T. (2001). Thicker Than Blood: How Racial Statistics Lie. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.