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“KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2019, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 556 - 582, 06.01.2020

Oya Zincir Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç

https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665808
Cited By: 1

Abstract

ABD’nin işletme tarihine ekonomik ve sosyolojik bağlamlar da dikkate alınarak bakıldığında,
girişimciliğin ve girişimcilerin desteklendiğini söylemek mümkündür. Öte yandan ABD İç Savaşının
gerçekleşmesi, sonrasında siyahi vatandaşların özgürlüklerini kazanmaları, ekonomik yaşam içinde
köle olarak çalıştırılmadan özgür bireyler olarak yer alabilmelerinin önünün açılması gibi hususlar
ülke tarihinde yer alan önemli kırılma noktalarıdır. Ancak siyahi kadınların iş hayatına katılmalarının
yanı sıra girişimcilik faaliyetlerinde bulunmaları hem ırk hem de cinsiyet ayrımcılığı sebebiyle çoğu
zaman engellenmiştir. Bununla birlikte atipik özellikler gösteren bazı kadın girişimcilere rastlamak da
mümkündür. Madam CJ Walker bunlardan biridir. 1905-1919 yılları arasında girişimcilik faaliyetinde
bulunan Walker, ABD’nin ilk Afrika kökenli kadın milyoneri olarak adlandırılmış ve yönetici, hayırsever,
politik aktivist gibi özellikleri bünyesinde barındıran başarılı bir girişimci profili sergilemiştir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı 20. yüzyılda faaliyet göstermiş bir kadın girişimcinin kariyer gelişimini çeşitli
başlıklarda ele alıp, sosyolojik ve ekonomik bağlamları da dikkate alarak incelemektir. Bu kapsamda
nitel araştırma metodu kullanılarak önemli bir tarihsel bir figür olan Madam CJ Walker’ın girişimci
kariyeri W. Gibb Dyer Jr.’ın Girişimci Kariyer Modeli ile incelenmiş ve çeşitli biyografi kitapları, tarihsel
analiz kitapları ve makaleler üzerinden ikincil verilere dayanan bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ulaşılan
sonuçlar atipik bir kadın girişimcinin kariyer seçimini etkileyen öncüller, kişinin girişimcilikle ilgili
rollere adapte olmasını sağlayan sosyalizasyon tecrübeleri, girişimcilikle ilgili rolleri (kariyer yönelimi),
kariyer gelişimi süresince ortaya çıkan kişisel, ailevi ve işle ilgili sorunlar, çatışmalar ve ikilemler ile
bu alanlardaki başarı/başarısızlıkları kapsamında zengin ve açıklayıcı bilgiler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca
incelenen modelde olmayan birtakım unsurlara da değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Kadın Girişimciliği Girişimci Kariyer Modeli İşletme Tarihi Nitel Araştırma

References

  • AHIARAH, S. (1993). Black Americans’ business ownership factors: A theoretical perspective, The Review of Black Political Economy, 22(2):15-39.
  • ASCHER, J. (2012). Female entrepreneurship: An appropriate response to gender discrimination, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 8(4):97-114.
  • BOONE, L. E. & Kurtz, D. L. (2013). Çağdaş İşletme, Çeviri Editörü: Azmi Yalçın, 14. Basımdan Çeviri, Ankara, Nobel Yayınları.
  • BOYD, R. L. (2000, December). Race, labor market disadvantage, and survivalist entrepreneurship: Black women in the urban North during the Great Depression, Sociological Forum, 15(4):647-670.
  • BOWEN, D. D., & Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective, Academy of Management Review, 11(2):393-407.
  • BRAUN, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2):77-101.
  • BRUNI, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3):256-268.
  • BRUSH, C. G. (2008). Pioneering strategies for entrepreneurial success, Business Horizons, 51(1):21-27.
  • BUNDLES, A. (2008). Madam CJ Walker: Entrepreneur, New York, Infobase Publishing.
  • BUNDLES, A. (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam CJ Walker, USA, Scribner.
  • BYRD, A. D. & Tharps, L. L. (2001). Hair story: Untangling the roots of black hair in America, New York, Martin’s Griffin Press.
  • CUEVAS, J. G. (1994). Towards a taxonomy of entrepreneurial theories, International Small Business Journal, 12(4):77-88.
  • DELGADO, R., & Stefancic, J. (Eds.). (2000). Critical race theory: The cutting edge, USA, Temple University Press.
  • DYER JR, W. G. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(2):7-21.
  • GILL, T. M. (2004). Civic beauty: Beauty culturists and the politics of African American female entrepreneurship, 1900–1965, Enterprise & Society, 5(4):583-593.
  • GONZALEZ‐ALVAREZ, N. & Solis‐Rodriguez, V. (2011) Discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities: a gender perspective, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(5):755-775.
  • GREENE, P. (2000). Self-employment as an economic behavior: An analysis of self-employed women’s human and social capital, National Journal of Sociology, 12(1), 1-55.
  • HIGBEE, M. D. (1993). WEB Du Bois, FB Ransom, the Madam Walker Company, and black business leadership in the 1930s, The Indiana Magazine of History, 101-124.
  • HUGHES, T. P. (1989). American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970, New York, Viking.
  • INMAN, K. (2000). Women’s resources in business start-up: A study of black and white women entrepreneurs. New York, Routledge.
  • INMAN, K., & Grant, G. M. (2005). African American women and small business start‐ups, (ss. 105-119), Eds. Sandra L. Fielden, Marilyn Davidson, İçinde International Handbook of Women and Small Business Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • JONES, G. R. & Wadhwani, D. (2006). “Entrepreneurship and Business History: Renewing the Research Agenda”, Harvard Business School Working Paper Number: 07-007, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2019), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/07-007.pdf
  • KENNEY, S. C. (2008). The Jim Crow Encyclopedia: Greenwood Milestones in African American History, Ed. Nikky L. M. Brown & Barry M. Stentiford, USA, Greenwood Press.
  • LAMOREAUX, N. R. (2010). Entrepreneurship in the United States, (ss. 367-400), Ed. David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr & William J. Baumol, İçinde The invention of enterprise: Entrepreneurship from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • LANGOWITZ, N., Sharpe, N., & Godwyn, M. (2006). Women’s business centers in the United States: Effective entrepreneurship training and policy implementation, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 19(2):167-182.
  • LINNAN, L. A., & Ferguson, Y. O. (2007). Beauty salons: a promising health promotion setting for reaching and promoting health among African American women, Health Education & Behavior, 34(3):517-530.
  • LOWRY, B. (2011). Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C. J. Walker, USA, Vintage Books.
  • MARSICO, K. (2008). Madam CJ Walker, MI, Cherry Lake Publishing.
  • NEL, P., Maritz, A., & Thongprovati, O. (2010). Motherhood and entrepreneurship: The mumpreneur phenomenon, International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 3(1):6-34.
  • ORHAN, M. & Scott, D. (2001) Why women enter into entrepreneurship: An explanatory model, Women in Management Review, 16(5):232-247.
  • PARASURAMAN, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3):275-300.
  • PEISS, K. (2011). Hope in a jar: The making of America’s beauty culture. PA, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • PHIPPS, S. T., & Prieto, L. C. (2018). The business of black beauty: social entrepreneurship or social injustice?, Journal of Management History, 24(1):37-56.
  • RIPSAS, S. (1998). Towards an interdisciplinary theory of entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 10(2):103-115.
  • ROGERS, N. (2005). The impact of family support on the success of women business owners, (ss. 91-102), Ed. Sandra L. Fielden ve Marilyn Davidson, İçinde International Handbook of Women and Small Business Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • SMITH-HUNTER, A. (2006). Women entrepreneurs across racial lines: Issues of human capital, financial capital and network structures. UK, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • SONNENFELD, J., & Kotter, J. P. (1982). The Maturation of Career Theory. Human Relations, 35(1):19–46.
  • TROMPENAARS, F., van der Steege, M., & Schreuders, R. (2014). Collaborating to Identify the Personal and Business Dilemmas of Successful Women Entrepreneurs, Maastricht School of Management Working Paper Series, No. 2014/10, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2019, http://web2.msm.nl/RePEc/msm/wpaper/MSM-WP2014-10.pdf
  • WALKER, J.E.K. (1998). The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship, New York, Twayne.
  • WALKER, J.E. (1983). Black entrepreneurship: An historical inquiry, Business and Economic History, Vol. 12, ss. 37-55.
  • WILLETT, J. A. (2000). Permanent waves: The making of the American beauty shop. New York, New York University Press.
  • WINGFIELD, A. H. (2008). Doing business with beauty: Black women, hair salons, and the racial enclave economy. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield.
  • WINGFIELD, A. H. (2010). Beauty shop politics: African American women’s activism in the beauty industry, Kentucky Historical Society, 108(4):433-435.
  • WITZEL, M. (2009), Management History: Text and Cases, New York, Routledge.

Year 2019, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 556 - 582, 06.01.2020

Oya Zincir Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç

https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665808
Cited By: 1

Abstract

References

  • AHIARAH, S. (1993). Black Americans’ business ownership factors: A theoretical perspective, The Review of Black Political Economy, 22(2):15-39.
  • ASCHER, J. (2012). Female entrepreneurship: An appropriate response to gender discrimination, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 8(4):97-114.
  • BOONE, L. E. & Kurtz, D. L. (2013). Çağdaş İşletme, Çeviri Editörü: Azmi Yalçın, 14. Basımdan Çeviri, Ankara, Nobel Yayınları.
  • BOYD, R. L. (2000, December). Race, labor market disadvantage, and survivalist entrepreneurship: Black women in the urban North during the Great Depression, Sociological Forum, 15(4):647-670.
  • BOWEN, D. D., & Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective, Academy of Management Review, 11(2):393-407.
  • BRAUN, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2):77-101.
  • BRUNI, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3):256-268.
  • BRUSH, C. G. (2008). Pioneering strategies for entrepreneurial success, Business Horizons, 51(1):21-27.
  • BUNDLES, A. (2008). Madam CJ Walker: Entrepreneur, New York, Infobase Publishing.
  • BUNDLES, A. (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam CJ Walker, USA, Scribner.
  • BYRD, A. D. & Tharps, L. L. (2001). Hair story: Untangling the roots of black hair in America, New York, Martin’s Griffin Press.
  • CUEVAS, J. G. (1994). Towards a taxonomy of entrepreneurial theories, International Small Business Journal, 12(4):77-88.
  • DELGADO, R., & Stefancic, J. (Eds.). (2000). Critical race theory: The cutting edge, USA, Temple University Press.
  • DYER JR, W. G. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(2):7-21.
  • GILL, T. M. (2004). Civic beauty: Beauty culturists and the politics of African American female entrepreneurship, 1900–1965, Enterprise & Society, 5(4):583-593.
  • GONZALEZ‐ALVAREZ, N. & Solis‐Rodriguez, V. (2011) Discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities: a gender perspective, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(5):755-775.
  • GREENE, P. (2000). Self-employment as an economic behavior: An analysis of self-employed women’s human and social capital, National Journal of Sociology, 12(1), 1-55.
  • HIGBEE, M. D. (1993). WEB Du Bois, FB Ransom, the Madam Walker Company, and black business leadership in the 1930s, The Indiana Magazine of History, 101-124.
  • HUGHES, T. P. (1989). American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970, New York, Viking.
  • INMAN, K. (2000). Women’s resources in business start-up: A study of black and white women entrepreneurs. New York, Routledge.
  • INMAN, K., & Grant, G. M. (2005). African American women and small business start‐ups, (ss. 105-119), Eds. Sandra L. Fielden, Marilyn Davidson, İçinde International Handbook of Women and Small Business Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • JONES, G. R. & Wadhwani, D. (2006). “Entrepreneurship and Business History: Renewing the Research Agenda”, Harvard Business School Working Paper Number: 07-007, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2019), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/07-007.pdf
  • KENNEY, S. C. (2008). The Jim Crow Encyclopedia: Greenwood Milestones in African American History, Ed. Nikky L. M. Brown & Barry M. Stentiford, USA, Greenwood Press.
  • LAMOREAUX, N. R. (2010). Entrepreneurship in the United States, (ss. 367-400), Ed. David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr & William J. Baumol, İçinde The invention of enterprise: Entrepreneurship from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • LANGOWITZ, N., Sharpe, N., & Godwyn, M. (2006). Women’s business centers in the United States: Effective entrepreneurship training and policy implementation, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 19(2):167-182.
  • LINNAN, L. A., & Ferguson, Y. O. (2007). Beauty salons: a promising health promotion setting for reaching and promoting health among African American women, Health Education & Behavior, 34(3):517-530.
  • LOWRY, B. (2011). Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C. J. Walker, USA, Vintage Books.
  • MARSICO, K. (2008). Madam CJ Walker, MI, Cherry Lake Publishing.
  • NEL, P., Maritz, A., & Thongprovati, O. (2010). Motherhood and entrepreneurship: The mumpreneur phenomenon, International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 3(1):6-34.
  • ORHAN, M. & Scott, D. (2001) Why women enter into entrepreneurship: An explanatory model, Women in Management Review, 16(5):232-247.
  • PARASURAMAN, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3):275-300.
  • PEISS, K. (2011). Hope in a jar: The making of America’s beauty culture. PA, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • PHIPPS, S. T., & Prieto, L. C. (2018). The business of black beauty: social entrepreneurship or social injustice?, Journal of Management History, 24(1):37-56.
  • RIPSAS, S. (1998). Towards an interdisciplinary theory of entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 10(2):103-115.
  • ROGERS, N. (2005). The impact of family support on the success of women business owners, (ss. 91-102), Ed. Sandra L. Fielden ve Marilyn Davidson, İçinde International Handbook of Women and Small Business Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • SMITH-HUNTER, A. (2006). Women entrepreneurs across racial lines: Issues of human capital, financial capital and network structures. UK, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • SONNENFELD, J., & Kotter, J. P. (1982). The Maturation of Career Theory. Human Relations, 35(1):19–46.
  • TROMPENAARS, F., van der Steege, M., & Schreuders, R. (2014). Collaborating to Identify the Personal and Business Dilemmas of Successful Women Entrepreneurs, Maastricht School of Management Working Paper Series, No. 2014/10, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2019, http://web2.msm.nl/RePEc/msm/wpaper/MSM-WP2014-10.pdf
  • WALKER, J.E.K. (1998). The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship, New York, Twayne.
  • WALKER, J.E. (1983). Black entrepreneurship: An historical inquiry, Business and Economic History, Vol. 12, ss. 37-55.
  • WILLETT, J. A. (2000). Permanent waves: The making of the American beauty shop. New York, New York University Press.
  • WINGFIELD, A. H. (2008). Doing business with beauty: Black women, hair salons, and the racial enclave economy. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield.
  • WINGFIELD, A. H. (2010). Beauty shop politics: African American women’s activism in the beauty industry, Kentucky Historical Society, 108(4):433-435.
  • WITZEL, M. (2009), Management History: Text and Cases, New York, Routledge.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Oya Zincir This is me

Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç

Publication Date January 6, 2020
Submission Date April 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 41 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Zincir, O., & Özbebek Tunç, A. (2020). “KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 41(2), 556-582. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665808
AMA Zincir O, Özbebek Tunç A. “KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. January 2020;41(2):556-582. doi:10.14780/muiibd.665808
Chicago Zincir, Oya, and Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç. “‘KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM’: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 41, no. 2 (January 2020): 556-82. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665808.
EndNote Zincir O, Özbebek Tunç A (January 1, 2020) “KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 41 2 556–582.
IEEE O. Zincir and A. Özbebek Tunç, “‘KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM’: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 556–582, 2020, doi: 10.14780/muiibd.665808.
ISNAD Zincir, Oya - Özbebek Tunç, Ayşegül. “‘KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM’: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 41/2 (January 2020), 556-582. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665808.
JAMA Zincir O, Özbebek Tunç A. “KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;41:556–582.
MLA Zincir, Oya and Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç. “‘KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM’: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 2, 2020, pp. 556-82, doi:10.14780/muiibd.665808.
Vancouver Zincir O, Özbebek Tunç A. “KENDİ YOLUMU KENDİM ÇİZDİM”: ABD’NİN İLK AFRİKA KÖKENLİ KADIN MİLYONERİ MADAM CJ WALKER’IN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;41(2):556-82.

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