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Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği

Year 2019, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 139 - 173, 15.04.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışma meta zinciri analizinden yola çıkarak küresel bir meta olan çayın ekonomi
politiğini ele almaktadır. Meta zinciri yaklaşımı belirli bir ürünün üretiminden tüketimine
kadar geçtiği süreçleri birbirlerine eklemlenerek bir tür zincir oluşturan farklı aşamalar
olarak ele alır ve bu aşamalar arasındaki ilişkileri ve bağlantıları gözlemlemeyi
kolaylaştırır. Bu yaklaşım tarımın ekonomi politiği açısından iki olanak sunar. Birincisi
meta zinciri analizi sayesinde bir tarım ürününün özgünlüklerinden hareketle o ürünün
meta zinciri boyunca toplumsal ilişkilerin nasıl şekillendiği analiz edilebilir. İkincisi
tarımın ekonomi politiği yaklaşımından da yararlanıldığında bu analiz çerçevesi bir
ürünün üretiminden tüketimine kadar geçen süreçteki toplumsal ilişkilerin kapitalist
gelişmenin tarıma nüfuz etmesinden nasıl etkilendiğini inceleme imkânı sunar. Çay
tarımının emek yoğun ve sezonluk bir iş olması, çay bitkisinin kısa sürede işlenmesi
gerekliliği, çayın kalitesinin iklim, coğrafi koşullar, toplanma ve işlenme şekline göre
farklılaşması ve son olarak çayın yetiştirilmesinin aksine işlenmesinin sermaye yoğun
bir süreç olması bir meta olarak çayın özgünlüklerini oluşturur. Tüm bu etmenler çay
üretimi etrafındaki toplumsal ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Belli bir
ürünün içinde bulunduğu özgün toplumsal, coğrafi, iktisadi ve politik bağlama göre
meta zincirinin de farklılaşabileceğini göz önünde tutmakla birlikte bu çalışma belli bir
coğrafya özelinde yapılacak benzer çalışmalar açısından yol gösterici olabilecek genel
bir çerçeve sunma amacındadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında
çayın üretiminden tüketimine dek geçen aşamaları karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edip
çayın meta zinciri boyunca farklı coğrafyalarda toplumsal ilişkilerin nasıl belirlendiğine
ve bu ilişkilerin kapitalist gelişme sürecinden nasıl etkilediğine ışık tutmaktadır.

References

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Year 2019, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 139 - 173, 15.04.2019

Abstract

References

  • Akram-Lodhi A H (2007). Land, Markets and Neoliberal Enclosure: An Agrarian Political Economy Perspective. Third World Quarterly, 28 (8): 1437-1456.
  • Amin S (1997). Emperyalizm ve Eşitsiz Gelişme. Çev. Semih Lim, İstanbul: Kaynak.
  • Bair J ve Peters E D (2006). Global Commodity Chains and Endogenous Growth: Export Dynamism and Development in Mexico and Honduras. World Development, 34 (2): 203-221.
  • Banaji J (1980). Summary of Selected Parts of Kautsky’s The Agrarian Question. İçinde: H Wolpe (der.), The Articulation of Modes of Production: Essays from Economy and Society, London: RKP, 45-92.
  • Bellêr-Hann I ve Hann C (2012). İki Buçuk Yaprak Çay, Doğu Karadeniz’de Devlet, Piyasa, Kimlik. Çev. Pınar Öztamur, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Bernstein H ve Campling L (2006). Commodity Studies and Commodity Fetishism II: Profits with Principles? Journal of Agrarian Change, 6 (3): 414-447.
  • Cooke P (1988). Modernity, Postmodernity and the City. Theory, Culture and Society, 5(2-3), 475-492. 174
  • Bernstein, H (2009). Tarımsal Değişimin Sınıfsal Dinamikleri. Çev. O Köymen, İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Besky S (2014). The Labor of Terroir and the Terroir of Labor: Geographical Indication and Darjeeling Tea Plantations. Agriculture and Human Values, 31 (1): 83-96.
  • Besky S (2016). The Future of Price: Communicative Infrastructures and the Financialization of Indian Tea. Cultural Anthropology, 31 (1): 4-29.
  • Besky S (2017). Tea as Hero Crop? Embodied Algorithms and Industrial Reform in India. Science as Culture, 26 (1): 11-31.
  • Beta (2007). Çay Üretimi. Beta Tea Academy, http://www.betateaacademy.com/?p=334. Son Erişim Tarihi, 12 Temmuz 2017.
  • Boratav K (1970). Tarımda Üretim İlişkileri Üzerine, İçinde: K Boratav (der),İktisat Politikaları ve Bölüşüm Sorunları, İstanbul: Belge, 42-83.
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  • Buck D, Getz C ve Guthman, J (1997). From Farm to Table: The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California. Sociologia Ruralis, 37 (1): 3-20.
  • Buttel F H (2001). Some Reflections on Late Twentieth Century Agrarian Political Economy. Sociologia Ruralis, 41 (2): 165-181.
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  • Çalışkan K (2007). Price as a Market Device: Cotton Trading in Izmir Mercantile Exchange. The Sociological Review, 55 (2): 241-260.
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  • Djurfeldt G (1981). What Happened to the Agrarian Bourgeoisie and Rural Proletariat under Monopoly Capitalism? Some Hypotheses Derived from the Classics of Marxism on the Agrarian Question. Acta Sociologica, 24 (3): 167-191.
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  • Ellis F (1998). Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification. The Journal of Development Dtudies, 35 (1): 1-38.
  • Erdoğan M (2014). Çay Sektörü İçin İran Çok Önemli Bir Pazar! http://www.rizevizyon. com/haber/cay-sektoru-icin-iran-cok-onemli-bir-pazar/352 Son Erişim Tarihi, 13 Mart 2018.
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  • FAO (2015). World Tea Production and Trade: Current and Future Development.http:// www.fao.org/3/a-i4480e.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi, 13 Mart 2018.
  • FAO (2016). Committee on Commodity Problems Intergovernmental Group on Tea. http://www.fao.org/3/a-mr118e.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi, 13 Mart 2018.
  • FAO (2017). Intergovernmental Group on Tea Report of the Working Group on Smallholders. http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/tea/tea-meetings/ intersessionaltea2017/en/ Son Erişim Tarihi, 19 Mart 2018.
  • Fine B (2004). Debating Production-Consumption Linkages in Food Studies. Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3): 332-42.
  • Fridell G (2007). Fair Trade Coffee and Commodity Fetishism: The Limits of Market Driven Social Justice. Historical Materialism, 15 (4): 79-104.
  • Friedland W H,Barton A M ve Thomas R T (1981). Manufacturing Green Gold: Capital, Labor, and Technology in the Lettuce Industry, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Friedland W (1984). Commodity Systems Analysis: An Approach to the Sociology of Agriculture, İçinde: H K Schwarzweller (der), Research in Rural Sociology and Development, Greenwich: CT, JAI Press, 221-235.
  • Friedland W H (2001). Reprise on Commodity Systems Methodology. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 9 (1): 82-103.
  • Genç F (2010).Türkiye’de Çay Üretimi ve Değişen Sosyal İlişkiler. (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Genç F (2016). Neoliberal Dönüşümün Çay Evresi, İçinde: D Yıldırım ve E Haspolat (der), Değişen Karadeniz’i Anlamak, Ankara: Phoenix, 257-280.
  • Gibbon P (2001). Upgrading Primary Production: A Global Commodity Chain Approach. World Development, 29 (2): 345-363.
  • Goodman D ve Redclift M (1991). Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture, London: Routledge.
  • Gómez-Baggethun E ve Ruiz-Pérez M (2011). Economic Valuation and the Commodification of Ecosystem Services. Progress in Physical Geography, 35 (5): 613–628.
  • Guthman J (2004). The ‘Organic Commodity’ and Other Anomalies in the Politics of Consumption, İçinde: A Hughes ve S Reimer (der), Geographies of Commodity Chains,London: Routledge, 233-249.
  • Guthman J (2009). Unveiling the Unveiling: Commodity Chains, Commodity Fetishism, and the ‘Value’ of Voluntary, Ethical Food Labels, İçinde: J Bair (der),Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Standford, CA: Standford University Press, 190–206.
  • Hann C M (1990). Second Thoughts on Smallholders: Tea Production, The State, and Social Differentiation in the Rize Region. New Perspectives on Turkey, 4: 57-79.
  • Herath D ve Weersink A (2009). From Plantations to Smallholder Production: the Role of Policy in the Reorganization of the Sri Lankan Tea Sector. World Development, 37 (11): 1759-1772.
  • Hopkins T K ve Wallerstein I (1986). Commodity Chains in the World-Economy prior to 1800. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 10 (1): 157-170.
  • Kasturiratne D (2015). Quality Improvement and Worker’s Safety in the Sri Lankan Tea Industry. FAO Working Paper. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ivc/PDF/ Asia/18_Kasturiratne_tea_Sri_Lanka.pdf.Son Erişim Tarihi, 13 Mart 2018.
  • Kautsky K (1988).The Agrarian Question, London: Zwan.
  • Keyder Ç ve Yenal Z (2015). Bildiğimiz Tarımın Sonu: Küresel İktidar ve Köylülük, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Le Thi Kim O, Vu Dinh T, Tran Huu C ve Lebailly P (2016). Contract Farming as a Determinant of Promoting Tea Marketing Channels for Small Producers in Phu Tho Province. International Review of Research in Emerging Markets and the Global Economy, 2 (4): 955-972.
  • Loconto, A M ve Simbua E F (2012). Making room for smallholder cooperatives in Tanzanian tea production: Can Fairtrade do that?. Journal of Business Ethics, 108 (4): 451- 465.
  • Mann S A ve Dickinson J M (1978). Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (4): 466-481.
  • Mann S A (1989). Agrarian Capitalism in Theory and Practice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Marx K (1973) [1939]. Grundrisse, London: Penguin.
  • Marx K(1976) [1867]. Capital Volume 1, London: Penguin.
  • Minot N (1986). Contract Farming and Its Effect on Small Farmers in Less Developed Countries, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
  • Morton A D (2007). Global Capitalism and the Peasantry in Mexico: The Recomposition of Class Struggle. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 34 (3-4): 441-473.
  • Neilson J ve Pritchard B (2009).Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India, Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Newman S (2012). Global Commodity Chains and Global Value Chains, İçinde: ASaad Filho ve B Fine (der), The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 155-162.
  • Nizam D (2011). Coğrafi İşaretler ve Küresel Piyasada Yerelleşen Tarım Ürünleri. Praksis, 25: 87–116.
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There are 78 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles / Articles
Authors

Ekin Değirmenci

Elif Karaçimen This is me

Publication Date April 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 43 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Değirmenci, E., & Karaçimen, E. (2019). Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği. Mülkiye Dergisi, 43(1), 139-173.
AMA Değirmenci E, Karaçimen E. Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği. Mülkiye Dergisi. April 2019;43(1):139-173.
Chicago Değirmenci, Ekin, and Elif Karaçimen. “Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği”. Mülkiye Dergisi 43, no. 1 (April 2019): 139-73.
EndNote Değirmenci E, Karaçimen E (April 1, 2019) Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği. Mülkiye Dergisi 43 1 139–173.
IEEE E. Değirmenci and E. Karaçimen, “Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği”, Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 139–173, 2019.
ISNAD Değirmenci, Ekin - Karaçimen, Elif. “Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği”. Mülkiye Dergisi 43/1 (April 2019), 139-173.
JAMA Değirmenci E, Karaçimen E. Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2019;43:139–173.
MLA Değirmenci, Ekin and Elif Karaçimen. “Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği”. Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 1, 2019, pp. 139-73.
Vancouver Değirmenci E, Karaçimen E. Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2019;43(1):139-73.
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