Bir Bardak Çayın Serüveni: Meta Zinciri Analizinden Hareketle Çayın Ekonomi Politiği
Year 2019,
Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 139 - 173, 15.04.2019
Ekin Değirmenci
,
Elif Karaçimen
Abstract
Bu çalışma meta zinciri analizinden yola çıkarak küresel bir meta olan çayın ekonomi
politiğini ele almaktadır. Meta zinciri yaklaşımı belirli bir ürünün üretiminden tüketimine
kadar geçtiği süreçleri birbirlerine eklemlenerek bir tür zincir oluşturan farklı aşamalar
olarak ele alır ve bu aşamalar arasındaki ilişkileri ve bağlantıları gözlemlemeyi
kolaylaştırır. Bu yaklaşım tarımın ekonomi politiği açısından iki olanak sunar. Birincisi
meta zinciri analizi sayesinde bir tarım ürününün özgünlüklerinden hareketle o ürünün
meta zinciri boyunca toplumsal ilişkilerin nasıl şekillendiği analiz edilebilir. İkincisi
tarımın ekonomi politiği yaklaşımından da yararlanıldığında bu analiz çerçevesi bir
ürünün üretiminden tüketimine kadar geçen süreçteki toplumsal ilişkilerin kapitalist
gelişmenin tarıma nüfuz etmesinden nasıl etkilendiğini inceleme imkânı sunar. Çay
tarımının emek yoğun ve sezonluk bir iş olması, çay bitkisinin kısa sürede işlenmesi
gerekliliği, çayın kalitesinin iklim, coğrafi koşullar, toplanma ve işlenme şekline göre
farklılaşması ve son olarak çayın yetiştirilmesinin aksine işlenmesinin sermaye yoğun
bir süreç olması bir meta olarak çayın özgünlüklerini oluşturur. Tüm bu etmenler çay
üretimi etrafındaki toplumsal ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Belli bir
ürünün içinde bulunduğu özgün toplumsal, coğrafi, iktisadi ve politik bağlama göre
meta zincirinin de farklılaşabileceğini göz önünde tutmakla birlikte bu çalışma belli bir
coğrafya özelinde yapılacak benzer çalışmalar açısından yol gösterici olabilecek genel
bir çerçeve sunma amacındadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında
çayın üretiminden tüketimine dek geçen aşamaları karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edip
çayın meta zinciri boyunca farklı coğrafyalarda toplumsal ilişkilerin nasıl belirlendiğine
ve bu ilişkilerin kapitalist gelişme sürecinden nasıl etkilediğine ışık tutmaktadır.
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(11): 1759-1772.
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Year 2019,
Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 139 - 173, 15.04.2019
Ekin Değirmenci
,
Elif Karaçimen
References
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Economy Perspective. Third World Quarterly, 28 (8): 1437-1456.
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Kimlik. Çev. Pınar Öztamur, İstanbul: İletişim.
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Profits with Principles? Journal of Agrarian Change, 6 (3): 414-447.
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Studies. Working Paper, no: 96.
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Smallholders. http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/tea/tea-meetings/
intersessionaltea2017/en/ Son Erişim Tarihi, 19 Mart 2018.
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Ruralis, 44(3): 332-42.
- Fridell G (2007). Fair Trade Coffee and Commodity Fetishism: The Limits of Market Driven
Social Justice. Historical Materialism, 15 (4): 79-104.
- Friedland W H,Barton A M ve Thomas R T (1981). Manufacturing Green Gold: Capital,
Labor, and Technology in the Lettuce Industry, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Friedland W (1984). Commodity Systems Analysis: An Approach to the Sociology of
Agriculture, İçinde: H K Schwarzweller (der), Research in Rural Sociology and Development,
Greenwich: CT, JAI Press, 221-235.
- Friedland W H (2001). Reprise on Commodity Systems Methodology. International Journal
of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 9 (1): 82-103.
- Genç F (2010).Türkiye’de Çay Üretimi ve Değişen Sosyal İlişkiler. (Basılmamış Yüksek
Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
- Genç F (2016). Neoliberal Dönüşümün Çay Evresi, İçinde: D Yıldırım ve E Haspolat (der),
Değişen Karadeniz’i Anlamak, Ankara: Phoenix, 257-280.
- Gibbon P (2001). Upgrading Primary Production: A Global Commodity Chain Approach.
World Development, 29 (2): 345-363.
- Goodman D ve Redclift M (1991). Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture, London:
Routledge.
- Gómez-Baggethun E ve Ruiz-Pérez M (2011). Economic Valuation and the Commodification
of Ecosystem Services. Progress in Physical Geography, 35 (5): 613–628.
- Guthman J (2004). The ‘Organic Commodity’ and Other Anomalies in the Politics
of Consumption, İçinde: A Hughes ve S Reimer (der), Geographies of Commodity
Chains,London: Routledge, 233-249.
- Guthman J (2009). Unveiling the Unveiling: Commodity Chains, Commodity Fetishism,
and the ‘Value’ of Voluntary, Ethical Food Labels, İçinde: J Bair (der),Frontiers of Commodity
Chain Research, Standford, CA: Standford University Press, 190–206.
- Hann C M (1990). Second Thoughts on Smallholders: Tea Production, The State, and
Social Differentiation in the Rize Region. New Perspectives on Turkey, 4: 57-79.
- Herath D ve Weersink A (2009). From Plantations to Smallholder Production: the Role
of Policy in the Reorganization of the Sri Lankan Tea Sector. World Development, 37
(11): 1759-1772.
- Hopkins T K ve Wallerstein I (1986). Commodity Chains in the World-Economy prior to
1800. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 10 (1): 157-170.
- Kasturiratne D (2015). Quality Improvement and Worker’s Safety in the Sri Lankan Tea
Industry. FAO Working Paper. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ivc/PDF/
Asia/18_Kasturiratne_tea_Sri_Lanka.pdf.Son Erişim Tarihi, 13 Mart 2018.
- Kautsky K (1988).The Agrarian Question, London: Zwan.
- Keyder Ç ve Yenal Z (2015). Bildiğimiz Tarımın Sonu: Küresel İktidar ve Köylülük, İstanbul:
İletişim.
- Le Thi Kim O, Vu Dinh T, Tran Huu C ve Lebailly P (2016). Contract Farming as a Determinant
of Promoting Tea Marketing Channels for Small Producers in Phu Tho Province.
International Review of Research in Emerging Markets and the Global Economy, 2 (4):
955-972.
- Loconto, A M ve Simbua E F (2012). Making room for smallholder cooperatives in Tanzanian
tea production: Can Fairtrade do that?. Journal of Business Ethics, 108 (4): 451-
465.
- Mann S A ve Dickinson J M (1978). Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture.
The Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (4): 466-481.
- Mann S A (1989). Agrarian Capitalism in Theory and Practice. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press.
- Marx K (1973) [1939]. Grundrisse, London: Penguin.
- Marx K(1976) [1867]. Capital Volume 1, London: Penguin.
- Minot N (1986). Contract Farming and Its Effect on Small Farmers in Less Developed
Countries, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource
Economics.
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