The Effects of Traditional Asian Diet on Metabolism, Gut Microbiota, and Liver Tissue in NASH Rats

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 309 - 325, 30.10.2024

Syifa Mustika , Evira Rahma Aya Sofia Novita Apramadha Kartika Sari Levrita Nindya Poetri Hendy Setyo Yudhanto Dian Handayani

https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.1574444

Abstract

Traditional Asian Diets (AD) in rural areas have a significant risk of mortality due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aims to determine the relationship between AD and liver cancer cases using rat experimental animals Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar. The measured variables include metabolic parameters, gut microbiota profile, and liver histology. This study used 14 rats in two groups: Chow Diet (7 rats to CD) and AD (7 rats to AD), and were given the respective diets for 12 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods are used to analyze liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and blood sugar levels. The analysis of gut microbiota used variable region-specific 16S rRNA gene and V3-V4. Biopsy stained with Hematoxylin Eosin was used to study the histology of the liver. Moreover, it was analyzed utilizing NAS (NAFLD Activity Score). The result of this study indicated that reduce body weight the rats treated with AD significant different than treated with CD. Firmicutes, Lactobacillus reuteri, Prevotellaceae bacterium, Romboutsia ilealis, and Bacteroidota in AD greater than CD. Alzheimer's disease had notably higher levels of alkaline phosphatase compared to those diagnosed with Crohn's disease on individual diagnosis. Differences in total bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood sugar, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were not significant. The NAS analysis indicated that the two groups comprised rats lacking non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite the high caloric content of the Asian diet, it did not lead to significant changes in metabolic parameters and liver histology related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This behavior can be ascribed to the advantageous influence of the gut microbiota.

Keywords

Asian, diet, Non-alcoholic, hepatitis, liver histology

References

• Alamer, L., Alqahtani, I. M., & Shadadi, E. (2023). Intelligent Health Risk and Disease Prediction Using Optimized Naive Bayes Classifier. Journal of Internet Services and Information Security, 13(1), 01-10.
• Bobir, A.O., Askariy, M., Otabek, Y.Y., Nodir, R.K., Rakhima, A., Zukhra, Z.Y., Sherzod, A.A. (2024). Utilizing Deep Learning and the Internet of Things to Monitor the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems to Conserve Biodiversity. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 9(1), 72-83.
• Buzzetti, E., Pinzani, M., & Tsochatzis, E. A. (2016). The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism, 65(8), 1038-1048.
• Capanni, M., Calella, F., Biagini, M. R., Genise, S., Raimondi, L., Bedogni, G., & Casini, A. (2006). Prolonged n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 23(8), 1143-1151.
• Chan, R., Wong, V. W. S., Chu, W. C. W., Wong, G. L. H., Li, L. S., Leung, J., & Chan, H. L. Y. (2015). Diet-quality scores and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PloS One, 10(9), e0139310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139310.
• Cicero, A. F., Fogacci, F., Veronesi, M., Strocchi, E., Grandi, E., Rizzoli, E., & Borghi, C. (2020). A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the medium-term effects of oat fibers on human health: the beta-glucan effects on lipid profile, glycemia and intestinal health (BELT) study. Nutrients, 12(3), 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030686
• Fan, J. G., Kim, S. U., & Wong, V. W. S. (2017). New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. Journal of Hepatology, 67(4), 862-873.
• Fan, Y., & Pedersen, O. (2021). Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9
• Golabi, P., Otgonsuren, M., De Avila, L., Sayiner, M., Rafiq, N., & Younossi, Z.M. (2018). Components of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Medicine (Baltimore), 97(13).
• Han, J. M., Jo, A. N., Lee, S. M., Bae, H. S., Jun, D. W., Cho, Y. K., & Jang, E. C. (2014). Associations between intakes of individual nutrients or whole food groups and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 29(6), 1265-1272.
• Hsu, W. C., Lau, K. H. K., Matsumoto, M., Moghazy, D., Keenan, H., & King, G. L. (2014). Improvement of insulin sensitivity by isoenergy high carbohydrate traditional Asian diet: a randomized controlled pilot feasibility study. PLoS One, 9(9), e106851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106851
• Kho, Z. Y., & Lal, S. K. (2018). The human gut microbiome–a potential controller of wellness and disease. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1835. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01835
• Kleiner, D. E., & Brunt, E. M. (2012). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathologic patterns and biopsy evaluation in clinical research. In Seminars in Liver Disease, 32(1), 003-013.
• Ko, B. J., Park, K. H., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2014). Diet patterns, adipokines, and metabolism: where are we and what is next?. Metabolism, 63(2), 168-177.
• Kwo, P. Y., Cohen, S. M., & Lim, J. K. (2017). ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 112(1), 18-35.
• Li, Y. H., Yang, L. H., Sha, K. H., Liu, T. G., Zhang, L. G., & Liu, X. X. (2015). Efficacy of poly-unsaturated fatty acid therapy on patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 21(22), 7008. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.7008
• Loomba, R., & Sanyal, A. J. (2013). The global NAFLD epidemic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(11), 686-690.
• Miller, E. R., Erlinger, T. P., Young, D. R., Jehn, M., Charleston, J., Rhodes, D., & Appel, L. J. (2002). Scientific Contributions. Clinical Trials, 40, 612-618.
• Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A. (2017). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC medicine, 15, 1-6.
• Okazaki, Y., & Katayama, T. (2019). Consumption of non-digestible oligosaccharides elevates colonic alkaline phosphatase activity by up-regulating the expression of IAP-I, with increased mucins and microbial fermentation in rats fed a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(2), 146-154.
• Oya, J., Nakagami, T., Sasaki, S., Jimba, S., Murakami, K., Kasahara, T., & Iwamoto, Y. (2010). Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Japanese men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(10), 1179-1185.
• Ramakrishnan, J., Ravi Sankar, G., & Thavamani, K. (2019). Publication Growth and Research in India on Lung Cancer Literature: A Bibliometric Study. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 9(1), 44-47.
• Ryu, S., Chang, Y., Jung, H. S., Yun, K. E., Kwon, M. J., Choi, Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2015). Relationship of sitting time and physical activity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Hepatology, 63(5), 1229-1237.
• Schumacher-Petersen, C., Christoffersen, B. Ø., Kirk, R. K., Ludvigsen, T. P., Zois, N. E., Pedersen, H. D., & Olsen, L. H. (2019). Experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Göttingen Minipigs: consequences of high fat-fructose-cholesterol diet and diabetes. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17, 1-18.
• Semiane, N., Foufelle, F., Ferré, P., Hainault, I., Ameddah, S., Mallek, A., & Dahmani, Y. (2017). High carbohydrate diet induces nonalcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) in a desert gerbil. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 340(1), 25-36.
• Shin, J. H., Jung, S., Kim, S. A., Kang, M. S., Kim, M. S., Joung, H., & Shin, D. M. (2019). Differential effects of typical Korean versus American-style diets on gut microbial composition and metabolic profile in healthy overweight Koreans: a randomized crossover trial. Nutrients, 11(10), 2450. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102450
• Stefan, N., Häring, H. U., & Cusi, K. (2019). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. The lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 7(4), 313-324.
• Tanaka, N., Sano, K., Horiuchi, A., Tanaka, E., Kiyosawa, K., & Aoyama, T. (2008). Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid treatment improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 42(4), 413-418.
• Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochemical Journal, 474(11), 1823-1836.
• Tierney, A. C., McMonagle, J., Shaw, D. I., Gulseth, H. L., Helal, O., Saris, W. H. M., & Roche, H. M. (2011). Effects of dietary fat modification on insulin sensitivity and on other risk factors of the metabolic syndrome—LIPGENE: a European randomized dietary intervention study. International Journal of Obesity, 35(6), 800-809.
• Venugopal, R.M. (2023). Efficient Hybrid CNN Method to Classify the Liver Diseases. Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications, 14(3), 36-47.
• Weickert, M. O., & Pfeiffer, A. F. (2008). Metabolic effects of dietary fiber consumption and prevention of diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(3), 439-442.
• Younossi, Z. M., Koenig, A. B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., & Wymer, M. (2016). Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta‐analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology, 64(1), 73-84.
• Younossi, Z., Tacke, F., Arrese, M., Chander Sharma, B., Mostafa, I., Bugianesi, E., & Vos, M. B. (2019). Global perspectives on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 69(6), 2672-2682.