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ÇEVRE DOSTU BÜYÜME MÜMKÜN MÜ? YÜKSELEN PİYASALARA YÖNELİK AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 453 - 478, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.661247

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı yükselen piyasalar olarak adlandırılan gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliğini sınamak ve buna ilişkin çıkarımlarda bulunmaktır. Bu amaçla başlangıçta IMF tarafından yükselen piyasalar sınıflandırmasına dahil edilen 23 ülkenin 2000-2014 yıllarına ilişkin verilerinden hareketle bir model oluşturulmuş ve bu model panel veri analizi ile test edilmiştir. Ekonomik büyümenin çevresel bozulmaya etkilerinin yanında, yenilenebilir ve fosil enerji kaynak kullanımının da olası etkilerinin ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla bu değişkenler de modele dahil edilmiştir.
Ampirik bulgular yükselen piyasalarda, büyüme ile karbon emisyonu, yani çevresel bozulma arasındaki ilişkinin ters-U şeklinde olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ekonomik büyüme ile öncelikle çevresel bozulmayı hızlandıran fosil yakıt kullanımı artmakta, gelir seviyesi belirli bir noktaya eriştikten sonra karbon emisyonunu azaltacak teknolojilere yatırım kolaylaşabilmekte, böylece çevre üzerindeki baskı azalabilmektedir. Öte yandan çalışmada tartışılan temel nokta, bu iyileşmeye kadar geçen sürede ortaya çıkan bozulma dikkate alınarak, ekolojik sürdürülebilirliğe dayanan alternatif yaklaşımların gerekliliğidir.

References

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  • Aytun, C. (2014), Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Panel Veri Analizi, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44, 1-14.
  • Aytun, C., Akın, S. A. ve Algan, N. (2017), “Gelişen Ülkelerde Çevresel Bozulma, Gelir ve Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 1-11.
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  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2007), Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye, İstanbul: Güncel Yayıncılık.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ. (2009), “Yükselen Piyasalarda Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği ve Yoksulluk”, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy Social Sciences, 3C0025, 4, (4), 358-378.
  • Lean, H. H., Smyth, R. (2010), “CO2 Emissions, Electricity Consumption and Output in ASEAN”, Applied Energy, 87(6), 1858-1864.
  • Lebe, F. (2016), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Li, X., Yan, X., An, Q., Chen, K. ve Shen, Z. (2016), “The Coordination between China’s Economic Growth and Environmental Emission from the Environmental Kuznets Curve Viewpoint”, Natural Hazards, 83(1), 233-252.
  • Lopez, L.A., Cadaro, M.-A., Zafrılla, J. ve ARCE, G. (2019), “The Carbon Footprint of The U.S. Multinationals’ Foreign Affiliates”, Nature Communications, 10 (1672), 1-11.
  • Maamoun, N. (2019), “The Kyoto Protocol: Empirical Evidence of a Hidden Success”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 95, 227-256.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. ve Behrens III, W.W. (1972), The Limits to Growth, New York: Universe Books.
  • Ökmen, M. (2004), “Politika ve Çevre”, M. Marın ve U. Yıldırım (ed.), Çevre Sorunlarına Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: Beta Basım, 327-368.
  • Özcan, B. (2013), “The Nexus Between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666.
  • Özkoç, H., Yıldırım, A., ve Kudubeş, E. (2017), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Geçerliliğinin Düşük ve Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Sınanması: 1964-2009 Dönemi”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 327-340.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, ILO Tecnology and Employment Programme Working Paper, WP238.
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  • Robalino-Lopez, A., Mena-Nıeto Á., Garcıa-Ramos J. E., ve Golpe A. A. (2015), “Studying the Relationship between Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Venezuela (1980-2015)”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 602-614.
  • Sauvant, P. K. (2006), “Inward and Outward FDI and the BRICs”, Subhash C. Jain (ed.), Emergin gEconomies and the Transformation of International Business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs), Edward: Elgar Publishing.
  • Selden, T. M., Song, D. (1994), “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Shahbaz, M., NASREEN, S. ve AFZA, T. (2011), “Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No.32547 posted3.
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  • To, A.H., HA, D.T.-T., Nguyen, H.M. ve Vo, D.H. (2019), “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Environment Degradation: Evidence from Emerging Markets in Asia”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (1636), 1-24.
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  • UNFCCC, (2008), Kyoto Protocol, Reference Manual, Bonn: UNFCCC.
  • UNFCCC, (2019), “Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)”, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs, 09.09.2019.
  • Uzmen, R., (2007), Küresel Isınma ve İklim Değişikliği, İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat.
  • Wallersteın, I. (2011), Dünya Sistemleri Analizi, İstanbul: bgst Yayınları.
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  • World Bank, (2019b), Renewable Energy Consumption (% of total final energy consumption), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?locations=AR-BD-BR-BG-CL-CN-CO-HU-IN-ID-MY-MX-PK-PE-PH-PL-RO-RU-ZA-TH-TR-UA-VE, 26.07.2019.
  • Xepapadeas, A. (2008), “Ecological Economics”, S.N. Durlauf ve L.E. Blume (ed.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, London: Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Yerdelen TATOĞLU, F. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta BasımYayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Yurtkuran, S., Terzi, H. (2018), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi: Meksika Örneği”, International Journal of Economic & Administrative Studies, 20, 267-284.
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Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 453 - 478, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.661247

Abstract

References

  • Aichele, R., Feldermayr, G. (2012), “Kyoto and the Carbon Footprint of Nations”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 63, 336-354.
  • Akın, C. (2014), “Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Üzerine olan Etkileri: BRICS Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 1-8.
  • Albayrak, E. N., GÖKÇE, A. (2015), “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişki: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği”, Social Sciences Resarch Journal, 4(2), 279-301.
  • Aytun, C. (2014), Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Panel Veri Analizi, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44, 1-14.
  • Aytun, C., Akın, S. A. ve Algan, N. (2017), “Gelişen Ülkelerde Çevresel Bozulma, Gelir ve Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Best, A., Hanhımakı, J.M., Maıolo, J.A. ve Schulze, K.E. (2008), Uluslararası Siyasi Tarih, İstanbul: Yayın Odası.
  • Cardoso, F.H., Faletto, E.(1979), Dependency and Development in Latin America, Berkley: University of California Press,.
  • Climate Action Tracker (CAT) (2019), Adressing Global Warming, https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/, 11.09.2019.
  • Climatewatch (2019), Global Historical Emissions, Climate Watch: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?regions=CHN%2CDEU%2CIND%2CIRN%2CJPN%2CMEX%2CRUS%2CKOR%2CUSA&source=35, 25.07.2019.
  • Cole, H. S. D., Freeman, C., Jahoda, M. ve Pavıtt, K. L. R. (eds.) (1973). Models of Doom: A Critique of the Limits to Growth, New York: Universe Publishing.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431–455.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2019), Kapitalizmin Çelişkili Dünyası, http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2019/05/kapitalizmin-celiskili-dunyas.html, 01.08.2019.
  • European Parlement,(2018), Greenhouse gas emissions by country and sector (infographic)”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20180301STO98928/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-country-and-sector-infographic, 09.09.2019.
  • Erol, E. D., Erataş, F. ve Nur, H. B. (2013), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerindeki Geçerliliği: Panel Veri Analizi”, The Journal of Academic Social Science, 1(1), 400-415.
  • Friedrich, J.,GE, M., Pıckens, A. (2017), This Interactive Chart Explains World’s Top 10 Emitters, and How They’ve Changed, https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed, 12.09.2019.
  • Galeotti, M., Lanza, A. (2005), “Desperately Seeking Environmental Kuznets”. Environmental Modelling & Software, 20(11), 1379–1388.
  • Global Carbon Atlas,(2019), CO2 Emissions, http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions, 09.09.2019.
  • Greene, W. H. (2002), Econometric Analysis, Fifth Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Grossman, M. G., Krueger, A. B. (1991), “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement, National Bureau Of Economic Resarch”, NBER Working Paper Series, WP No: 3914.
  • Grossman, G.M., Krueger, A. B. (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment”, Q.J Econ, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978), “Specification Test in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Hayırsever Topçu, F. (2018), “Düşük Karbon Ekonomisine Geçme(me): İklim Değişikliği ve Enerji Politikaları Bağlamında Bir Bakış”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 18 (Özel Sayı), 115-154.
  • Hoffmann, R., LEE, C. G., RAMASAMY, B. ve YEUNG, M. (2005), “FDI and Pollution: A Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data”, Journal of International Development, 17, 311–317
  • IMF (2015), “World Economic Outlook October 2015”, Adjusting to Lower Commodity Prices, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2016/12/31/World-Economic-Outlook-October-2015-Adjusting-to-Lower-Commodity-Prices-43229, 13.06.2019.
  • IPCC (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.
  • Jalil A., MAHMUD, F. S. (2009), “Environment Kuznets Curve For CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis For China”, Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167–5172.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2007), Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye, İstanbul: Güncel Yayıncılık.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ. (2009), “Yükselen Piyasalarda Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği ve Yoksulluk”, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy Social Sciences, 3C0025, 4, (4), 358-378.
  • Lean, H. H., Smyth, R. (2010), “CO2 Emissions, Electricity Consumption and Output in ASEAN”, Applied Energy, 87(6), 1858-1864.
  • Lebe, F. (2016), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Li, X., Yan, X., An, Q., Chen, K. ve Shen, Z. (2016), “The Coordination between China’s Economic Growth and Environmental Emission from the Environmental Kuznets Curve Viewpoint”, Natural Hazards, 83(1), 233-252.
  • Lopez, L.A., Cadaro, M.-A., Zafrılla, J. ve ARCE, G. (2019), “The Carbon Footprint of The U.S. Multinationals’ Foreign Affiliates”, Nature Communications, 10 (1672), 1-11.
  • Maamoun, N. (2019), “The Kyoto Protocol: Empirical Evidence of a Hidden Success”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 95, 227-256.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. ve Behrens III, W.W. (1972), The Limits to Growth, New York: Universe Books.
  • Ökmen, M. (2004), “Politika ve Çevre”, M. Marın ve U. Yıldırım (ed.), Çevre Sorunlarına Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: Beta Basım, 327-368.
  • Özcan, B. (2013), “The Nexus Between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666.
  • Özkoç, H., Yıldırım, A., ve Kudubeş, E. (2017), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Geçerliliğinin Düşük ve Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Sınanması: 1964-2009 Dönemi”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 327-340.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, ILO Tecnology and Employment Programme Working Paper, WP238.
  • REN21 (2019), Renewables 2019. Global Status Report, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2019/chapters/chapter_01/chapter_01/, 26.09.2019.
  • Robalino-Lopez, A., Mena-Nıeto Á., Garcıa-Ramos J. E., ve Golpe A. A. (2015), “Studying the Relationship between Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Venezuela (1980-2015)”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 602-614.
  • Sauvant, P. K. (2006), “Inward and Outward FDI and the BRICs”, Subhash C. Jain (ed.), Emergin gEconomies and the Transformation of International Business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs), Edward: Elgar Publishing.
  • Selden, T. M., Song, D. (1994), “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Shahbaz, M., NASREEN, S. ve AFZA, T. (2011), “Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No.32547 posted3.
  • Singh, N. (2019), “Environmental Justice, Degrowth and Post-Capitalist Futures”, Ecological Economies, 163, 138-142.
  • To, A.H., HA, D.T.-T., Nguyen, H.M. ve Vo, D.H. (2019), “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Environment Degradation: Evidence from Emerging Markets in Asia”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (1636), 1-24.
  • UN, (1973), Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, New York, https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/CONF.48/14/REV.1, 08.09.2019.
  • UN, (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, New York: United Nations.
  • UN, (1998), Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 10 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde United Nations: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf, 08.09.2019.
  • UN, (2015), Paris Agreement, https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf, 09.09.2019.
  • UNCTAD, (1998), World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants, New York: United Nations.
  • UNESCO, (1992), “Rio Declaration on Environment and Development”, 10 Temmuz 2019 UNESCO: http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E.PDF, 08.09.2019.
  • UNFCCC, (2008), Kyoto Protocol, Reference Manual, Bonn: UNFCCC.
  • UNFCCC, (2019), “Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)”, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs, 09.09.2019.
  • Uzmen, R., (2007), Küresel Isınma ve İklim Değişikliği, İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat.
  • Wallersteın, I. (2011), Dünya Sistemleri Analizi, İstanbul: bgst Yayınları.
  • Wced, (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf, 08.09.2019.
  • World Bank, (2019a), World Bank Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org/ 13.06.2019.
  • World Bank, (2019b), Renewable Energy Consumption (% of total final energy consumption), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?locations=AR-BD-BR-BG-CL-CN-CO-HU-IN-ID-MY-MX-PK-PE-PH-PL-RO-RU-ZA-TH-TR-UA-VE, 26.07.2019.
  • Xepapadeas, A. (2008), “Ecological Economics”, S.N. Durlauf ve L.E. Blume (ed.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, London: Emerald Group Publishing.
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  • Yurtkuran, S., Terzi, H. (2018), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi: Meksika Örneği”, International Journal of Economic & Administrative Studies, 20, 267-284.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Zanbak 0000-0002-9838-9063

Mahmut Emin Ekinci 0000-0003-4623-0920

Senem Atvur 0000-0003-3616-1749

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Zanbak, M., Ekinci, M. E., & Atvur, S. (2020). ÇEVRE DOSTU BÜYÜME MÜMKÜN MÜ? YÜKSELEN PİYASALARA YÖNELİK AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 10(2), 453-478. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.661247