TITLES OF CONQUEST GIVEN TO ROMAN EMPERORS BY THE SENATE AND IMPACT ON MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 871 - 887, 30.06.2023

Ercüment Yıldırım , Alaaddin Kalaycı

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1228354

Abstract

Since the date of their establishment, the Romans have continuously expanded their lands by following an expansionist policy. With the Hellenistic Period that emerged after Alexander the Great, their spreading areas became the present Anatolian geography, which they called Asia Minor. After Caesar declared himself dictator in Rome, the Republican administration began to lose its functional feature. Although Caesar was not an emperor, it is known that some titles were used to glorify him. Although the republic administration continued to exist after Caesar, this situation did not last long, and after the civil war, Augustus became the first emperor by introducing the Imperial system. With the transition to the Roman imperial system, the conquest movements continued continuously and their borders reached wide geographies. Roman emperors demanded titles from the Senate after their conquests in order to consolidate their authority and reach a certain power of rule, in order to be glorified as a reward for their success, from the name of the place they conquered or the enemies they won victory. In addition, although these titles are not unique to one time, an emperor has taken more than one title, and also the emperors have taken a title many times in their own time. Since the Roman Emperors understood the importance of the titles for them, they demanded their titles from the Senate regardless of the size of the conquests made or won, and after a while, taking the title became a tradition. This study covers the emperors between the period of Augustus and Theodosius in terms of time. In addition, in the study, it is aimed to explain in detail the titles that the Roman Emperors received by the senate in order to glorify themselves as a result of their conquests.

Keywords

Rome, Titles of Conquest, Senate, Parthicus

ROMA İMPARATORLARINA SENATO TARAFINDAN VERİLEN FETİH UNVANLARI VE YÖNETİM ANLAYIŞINA ETKİSİ

Abstract

Roma, tarihi boyunca, yayılmacı bir politika izleyerek topraklarını genişletmeyi öncelikli amaç haline getirmiştir. Roma’da Caesar’ın kendisini diktatör ilan etmesi ile birlikte Cumhuriyet yönetimi kaybolmaya başlamıştır. Caesar, bir imparator olmamasına rağmen kendisini yüceltmek adına yönetimsel unvanlar kullanmıştır. Caesar’ın ölümünden sonra yaşanan iç savaşın galibi Augustus, ilk imparator olarak kabul edilmiştir. Roma’da imparatorluk yönetiminin oluşmasından sonra imparatorlar büyük orduları ile geniş coğrafyaları ele geçirmek için seferlere çıkmışlardır. Roma’nın merkezi coğrafyası dışında kalan Parth, Dacia, Britain, Armenia ve Germen bölgelerinde Roma imparatorları zaferler kazanmıştır. Bu zaferler ile otoriteleri sağlamlaştırmış ve Senato’dan kazandıkları başarının karşılığında yüceleştirici unvanlar almışlardır. Roma İmparatorları, aynı unvanı birçok defa kazanabildiği gibi kazandığı unvanları hayatı boyunca kullanabilmişlerdir. Roma İmparatorları yüceleştirici ferih unvanları kazanmaya önem vermiştir. Bu unvanların verilmesi zamanla yaygınlaşmış ve her imparator birkaç unvan elde etmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışma, Augustus ile Theodosius arasındaki dönem ile sınırlandırılmış ve Roma İmparatorlarının yaptıkları fetihler sonucunda kendilerini yüceltmek adına senato tarafından aldıkları unvanlar hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Roma, Fetih Unvanları, Senato, Rome, Titles of Conquest, Senate, Parthicus

References

• Ackeren, M. (2012). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius, Wiley–Blackwell Publishing.
• Akşit, O. (1970). Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi (M.S 193 – 395), İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Akşit, O. (1976). Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi (M.Ö 27 – M.S 192), İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Ando, C. (2012). Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century, Edinburgh University Press.
• Ando, C. (2013). Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, University of California Press.
• Arnold, W. T. (1974). The Roman System of Provincial Administration to the Accession of Constantine the Great, Ares Publishers.
• Barnes, T. (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
• Beckmann, M. (2011). The Column of Marcus Aurelius: The Genesis and Meaning of a Roman Imperial Monument, The University of North Carolina Press.
• Bédoyère, G. (2007). The Romans For Dummies, For Dummies Publishing.
• Bennett, J. (2000). Trajan: Optimus Princeps, Routledge.
• Birley, A. (1993). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography (Roman Imperial Biographies), Routledge.
• Birley, A. (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, Routledge.
• Blois D., L., Funke, P., & Hahn, J. (2006). The Impact of Imperial Rome on Religions, Ritual and Religious Life in the Roman Empire: Proceedings from the Fifth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 BC-AD 476) Münster, June 30-July 4, 2004 (p. 292). Brill.
• Boak, A. and Sinnigen, W. (1965). A History of Rome to 565 A.D., The Macmillan Company.
• Boatwright, M. vd., (2004). The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press.
• Bowersock, G. W. (1994). Roman Arabia, Harvard University Press.
• Bunson, M. (2002). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Facts on File.
• Burges, R. (1999). Studies in Eusebian and Post-Eusebian Chronography, Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Bury, J. B. (1893). A History Of The Roman Empire From İts Foundation To The Death Of Marcus Aurelius, Harper & Brothers Publishers.
• Butcher, K. (2003). Roman Syria and Near East, British Museum Press.
• Campbell, B. (2002). War and Society in Imperial Rome, 31 BC-AD 284 (Warfare and History), Routledge.
• Cary, M. and Scullard, H. H. (1976). A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine, Bedford/St. Martin's.
• Dando-Collins, S. (2012). Legions of Rome: The Definitive History of Every Imperial Roman Legion, Thomas Dunne Books.
• Dignas, B. and Winter, E. (2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge University Press.
• Dio Cassius. Roman History, Volume VII: Books 56-60. (Trans. E. Cary, H. Foster). (Loeb Classical Library) Harvard University Press, 1924.
• Dio Cassius. Roman History, Volume VIII: Books 61-70. (Trans. E. Cary, H. Foster). Loeb Classical LLibrary). Harvard University Press, 1925.
• Dodgeon, M. (1993). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, Routledge.
• Drinkwater, J. (2010). A Chronology of the Roman Empire, Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Dunstan, W. (2007). Ancient Rome, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
• Durmuş, İ. (2009). "Tuna Nehri Çevresinde İskit ve Sarmatlar", Gazi Türkiyat, 4, ss. 1-9.
• Ellis, R. (2012). Jesus, King of Edessa: Jesus discovered in the historical record (The King Jesus Trilogy), CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
• Erdkamp, P. (2010). A Companion To The Roman Army, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Errıngton, R. M. (2006). Failure of Empire Valens and the Roman State, The University of North Carolina Press. Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History, Volume II: Books 6-10. (Trans. J. E. L. Oulton). Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press, 1932.
• Ferguson, J. (2005). “Rome and Parthia: Power Politics And Diplomacy Across Cultural Frontiers”, Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, No. 12, ss. 1-39.
• Garzetti, A. (1977). From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire: A.D. 14-192, Methuen Publishing.
• Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower, Yale University Press.
• Goldsworthy, A. (2016). In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Yale University Press.
• Goodman, M. (2011). The Roman World, 44 BC-AD 180, Routledge.
• Grainger, J. (2004). Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99, Routledge.
• Gregory, T. (2009). A History of Byzantium, Wiley–Blackwell Publishing.
• Griffin, M. (1987). Nero: The End of a Dynasty (Roman Imperial Biographies), Routledge.
• Hardy, G. E. (1906). Studies in Roman History, University of California Libraries.
• Harries, J. (2012). Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire, Edinburgh University Press.
• Hazel, J. (2001). Who's Who in the Roman World, Routledge.
• Henderson, B. (1927). Five Roman Emperors. Vespasian. Titus. Domitian. Nerva. Trajan, A. D. 69-117, Cambridge University Press.
• Historia Augusta, Volume I: Hadrian. Aelius. Antoninus Pius. Marcus Aurelius. L. Verus. Avidius Cassius. Commodus. Pertinax. Didius Julianus. Septimius Severus. Pescennius Niger. Clodius Albinus. (Trans. D. Magie). (Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press, 1921.
• Historia Augusta, Volume II: Caracalla. Geta. Opellius Macrinus. Diadumenianus. Elagabalus. Severus Alexander. The Two Maximini. The Three Gordians. Maximus and Balbinus. (Trans. D. Magie). (Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press, 1924.
• Historia Augusta, Volume III: The Two Valerians. The Two Gallieni. The Thirty Pretenders. The Deified Claudius. The Deified Aurelian. Tacitus. Probus. Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus and Bonosus. Carus, Carinus and Numerian. (Trans. D. Magie). (Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press, 1932.
• Hooper, F. (1978). Roman Realities, Wayne State University Press.
• Hornblower, S. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford Universtiy Press.
• Ireland, S. (2009). Roman Britain: A Sourcebook (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World), Routledge.
• Isaac, B. (1993). The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East, Clarendon Press.
• Kaya, M. A. (2008). Septimius Severus, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Kennedy, D. L. (1979). Ti. Claudius Subatianus Aquila,'First Prefect of Mesopotamia'. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 255-262.
• Kleiner, D. (1994). Roman Sculpture, Yale University Press.
• Kleiner, F. (2017). A History of Roman Art, Global New Media.
• Kulikowski, M. (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity), Cambridge University Press.
• Lenski, N. (2002). Failure of Empire Valens and the Roman State, University Of California Press.
• Levick, B. (2002). The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook, Routledge.
• Mackay, C. (2007). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Cambridge University Press.
• Magie, D. (1950). Roman Rule in Asia Minor: To The End Of The Third Century After Christ, Princeton University Press.
• Manders, E. (2012). Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284, Brill Academic Publishing.
• Marcellinus, Ammianus, The Roman History of During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens, (Trans. Charles Duke Yonge), Forgottenbooks, London 2014.
• Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Correspondence II, (Trans. C. R. Haines,) Loeb Classical Library. 1920.
• Mclynn, F. (2009). Marcus Aurelius: A Life, Da Capo Press.
• Mennen, I. (2011). Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (Impact of Empire), Brill Publishing.
• Michael, C. W. (2004). The Roman Empire, Harvard University Press.
• Millar, F. (1993). The Roman Near East 31 BC – AD 337, Harvard University Press.
• Millar, F. (2005). Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 2: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire, The University of North Carolina Press.
• Mommsen, T. (1999). A History of Rome under the Emperor, Routledge.
• Opper, T. (2010). Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, Harvard University Press.
• Phang, S. E. (2016). Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome [3 volumes]: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO.
• Plutarch. Lives, Volume XI: Aratus. Artaxerxes. Galba. Otho. General Index. (Trans. B. Perrin). (Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press, 1926.
• Pohlsander, H. (1996). The Emperor Constantine, Routledge.
• Potter, D. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
• Radin, M. (1916). The Jews Among the Greeks and Romans, Jewish Publication Society of America.
• Redgate, A. E. (2000). The Armenians, Blackwell Publishing.
• Rodgers, N. (2017). Ancient Rome: An Illustrated History, Anness Publishing.
• Ross, S. (2000). Roman Edessa: Politics And Culture OnThe Eastern Fringes Of The Roman Empire, 114-242 CE, Routledge.
• Rostovtzeff, M. (1957). The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford University Press.
• Sartre, M. (2007). The Middle East Under Rome, Harvard University Press.
• Scullard, H. H. (2010). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68, Routledge.
• Select Papyri, Volume II: Public Documents. (Trans. A. S. Hunt, C. C. Edgar). Loeb Classical Library 282. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
• Shotter, D. (2004). Roman Britain (Lancaster Pamphlets in Ancient History), Routledge.
• Smith, W. (1881). A Smaller History of Rome: From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire, Harper & Brothers.
• Southern, P. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge.
• Southern, P. (2009). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen, Continuum International Publishing Group.
• Stuart, J. H. (1908). The Roman Empire. B.C.29-A.D.476, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
• Suetonius. Lives of the Caesars, Volume II: Claudius. Nero. Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. Vespasian. Titus, Domitian. Lives of Illustrious Men: Grammarians and Rhetoricians. Poets (Terence. Virgil. Horace. Tibullus. Persius. Lucan). Lives of Pliny the Elder and Passienus Crispus. (Trans. J. Rolfe). (Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press, 1914.
• Vasiliev, A. (1943). Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi, (Çev. Arif Müfid Mansel), Maarif Matbaası.
• Watson, A. (2003). Aurelian and the Third Century (Roman Imperial Biographies), Routledge.
• Webster, G. (1993). The Roman Invasion of Britain (Roman Conquest of Britain), Routledge.
• Webster, G. (1998). The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D., University of Oklahoma Press.
• Wheeler, S. M. (1954). Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers, G. Bell and Sons Publisher.
• Yıldırım, E. (2021). “Antik Yazarların Eserlerinde Adiabene Bölgesi ile İlgili Anlatımlar”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7/2, ss. 485-497.
• Zissos, A. (2013). A Companion to the Flavian Age of Imperial Rome, John Wiley & Sons.