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TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI

Year 2016, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 255 - 272, 25.01.2016

A. Öznur Ümit

Abstract

Özet

 

 Bu çalışmada, ticari açıklık, finansal açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için 1989-2014 dönemi kapsamında üçer aylık veriler yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Serilerin durağanlığı,  Carrion-i-Silvestre vd. (2009) çoklu yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testi ile analiz edilmiş ve ticari açıklık ile finansal açıklık değişkenlerinin düzeyde ve ekonomik büyüme değişkenin ilk farkında durağan olduğu gözlenmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini belirlemek amacıyla Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Test sonuçları, finansal açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasında çift yönlü ve büyümeden ticari açıklığa doğru olan tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığını göstermiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi sınır testiyle incelenmiş ve değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Uzun ve kısa dönemli analiz sonuçları ise, ekonomik büyümenin ticari açıklıktan negatif, finansal açıklıktan pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı etkilendiğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ticari Açıklık, Finansal Açıklık, Ekonomik Büyüme, Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi, Sınır Testi.

JEL Sınıflandırması       : C32, F15, F21, F43.

Keywords

Ticari Açıklık Finansal Açıklık Ekonomik Büyüme Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi

References

  • Aizenman, J. (2004). Financial opening and development: Evidence and policy controversies. The American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
  • Aizenman, J. (2008). On the hidden links between financial and trade opening. Journal of International Money and Finance, 27(3), 372-386.
  • Atamtürk, B. (2007). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de finansal serbestleşmenin iç tasarruflar üzerine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), 75-89.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Niroomand, F. (1999). Openness and economic growth: An emprical investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 6(9), 557-561.
  • Balassa, B. (1978). Exports and economic growth: Further evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 181-189.
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, R. C., & Lundblad, C. (2001). Does financial liberalization spur growth?. NBER Working Paper Series, No: 8245, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8245
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey R. C., & Lundblad, C. (2005). Does financial liberalization spur growth?. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1), 3–55.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., & Kim, D., & Perron, P. (2009). GLS-Based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25, 1754-1792.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., & Sanso, A. (2006). Testing the null of cointegration with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(5), 623-646.
  • Chang, C.-C., & Mendy, M. (2012). Economic growth and openness in Africa: What is the empirical relationship?. Applied Economics Letters, 19(18), 1903–1907.
  • Chow, P. C. Y. (1987). Causality between export growth and industrial development: Empirical evidence from the NICs. Journal of Development Economics, 26(1) 55-63.
  • Dar, A., & Amirkhalkhali, S. (2003). On the impact of trade openness on growth: Further evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 35(16), 1761–1766.
  • Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(1), 1057-1072.
  • Dollar, D. (1992). Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: Evidence from 95 ldcs, 1976–1985. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3), 523–544.
  • Edison , J. H., & Levine R., & Ricci, L., & Tortsen, S. (2002). International financial integration and economic growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, 21 (6), 749–776.
  • Edwards, S. (1997). Openness, Productivity and growth: What do we really know?. NBER Working Papers, No: 5978, Retrieved September 06, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5978
  • Elliott, G., & Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient test for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836.
  • Engel, F, R., & Granger, J. W. C. (1987). Co-integration and error correction representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55 (2), 251-276.
  • Feder, G. (1982). On exports and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 12(1/2), 59- 75.
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1996). Trade and growth: An empirical investigation. NBER Working Papers, No:5476, Retrieved September 06, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nber.org/papers/w5476.pdf
  • Fratzscher, M., & Bussiere, M. (2004). Financial openness and growth: Short-run gain, long-run pain?. European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, 348, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp348.pdf
  • Garita, G. (2009). How does financial openness affect economic growth and its components?. Munich Personal Repec Archive, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20099/1/MPRA_paper_20099.pdf
  • Ghatak, S., & Milner, C., & Utkulu, U. (1995). Trade liberalization and endogenous growth: Some evidence for Turkey. Economics of Planning, 28(2), 147-167.
  • Granger, C. W. J., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Gregory, A. W., & Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99–126.
  • Grilli, V., & Milesi-Ferretti, M. G. (1995). Economic effect and structural determinants of capital controls. International Monetary Fund, 42(3), 517-551.
  • Haring, J. E., & Humprey, J. F. (1964). Simple models of trade expansion. Economic Inquiry 2(2), 85- 180.
  • Harrison, A. (1996). Openness and growth: A time-series, cross-country analysis for developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 48 (2), 419-447.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market ıntegration. Empirical Economics, 35 (3), 497-505.
  • Heller, P. S., & Porter, R. D. (1978). Exports and growth: An empirical re-investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 191-193.
  • Hellmann, T., & Murdock, K., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2000). Liberalization, moral hazard in banking and prudential regulation: are capital requirements enough. American Economic Review, 90(1), 147-165.
  • Honig, A. (2008). Addressing causality in the effect of capital account liberalization on growth. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(4), 1602–1616.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of co-integration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2/3), 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maxsimum likelihood estimation inference on co-integration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Kıran, B., & Güriş, B. (2011). Türkiye’de ticari ve finansal dışa açıklığın büyümeye etkisi: 1992-2006 dönemi üzerine bir inceleme. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 69-80.
  • Kim, D-H., & Lin, S.-C., & Suen, Y.-B. (2012). Dynamic effects of financial openness on economic growth and macroeconomic uncertainty. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(1), 25-54.
  • Klein, M. W., & Olivei, G. P. (2008). Capital account liberalization, financial depth, and economic growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, 27(6) 861–875.
  • Kose, A. M., & Prasad, E. S., & Terrones, M. E. (2008). Does openness to international financial flows raise productivity growth?. NBER Working Papers, No:14558,
  • Kurt, S., & Berber, M. (2008). Türkiye’ de dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 57-79.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., & Phillips, P. C. B., & Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationary against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Lee, J., &. Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J., &. Strazicich, M. C (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Appalachian State University Working Papers, (04/17), 1-15.
  • Levine, R. (2001). International financial liberalization and economic growth. Review of International Economics, 9(4), 688–702.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L., & Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Michaely, M. (1977). Exports and growth: an empirical investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 4(1), 49-53.
  • Narayan, S., & Narayan, P.K. (2004). Determinats of demand of Fiji’s exports: An empirical investigation. The Developing Economics, 42(1), 95-112.
  • Ng, S., & Perron, P. (2001). Lag length selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1529–1554.
  • Omisakin, O., & Adeniyi, O., & Omojolaibi, A. (2009). Foreign direct investment, trade openness and growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economic Theory, 3(2), 13-18.
  • Özel, A. H. (2012). Küreselleşme sürecinde ticari ve finansal açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 1-30.
  • Özel, A. H., & Sezgin, F. (2012). Ticari serbestleşme-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin bootstrap kantil regresyon yardımıyla analizi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 283-303.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(2), 1361-1401.
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables. Journal of Econometrics, 80(2), 355-385.
  • Pesaran, H. M., & Shin, Y., & Smith, J. R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrica, 75(2), 345-346.
  • Prebisch, R. (1950). The economic development of Latin American and its principal problems. (Lake Success, NY: United Nations, Department of Economic Affairs), Reprinted in Economic Bulletin for Latin America, 7(1962), 1-22.
  • Ranciere, R., & Tornell, A., Westermann, F. (2006). Decomposing the effects of financial liberalization: Crises vs. growth. NBER Working Papers, No:12806,
  • Rodrik, D. (1999). Where did all the growth go? External shocks, social conflict, and growth collapses. Journal of Economic Growth, 4(4), 385-412.
  • Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of economic integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (1), 1–118.
  • Saçık Yapar. S. (2009). Dış ticaret politikası ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Teorik açıdan bir inceleme. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(16), 162-171.
  • Sandalcılar, A.R., & Noyan Yalman, İ. (2012). Türkiye’de dış ticaretteki serbestleşmenin işgücü piyasaları üzerindeki etkileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 49-65.
  • Singer, H. W. (1950). American economic association the distribution of gains between investing and borrowing countries. The American Economic Review, 40(2), 473-485.
  • Stiglitz, E. J. (2000). Capital market liberalization, economic growth, and instability. World Development, 28 (6), 1075-1086.
  • Sulaiman, L. A., & Oke, M. O., & Azeez, B. A. (2012). Effect of financial liberalization on economic growth in developing countries: the nigerian experience. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(12), 16-28.
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Year 2016, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 255 - 272, 25.01.2016

A. Öznur Ümit

Abstract

References

  • Aizenman, J. (2004). Financial opening and development: Evidence and policy controversies. The American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
  • Aizenman, J. (2008). On the hidden links between financial and trade opening. Journal of International Money and Finance, 27(3), 372-386.
  • Atamtürk, B. (2007). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de finansal serbestleşmenin iç tasarruflar üzerine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), 75-89.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Niroomand, F. (1999). Openness and economic growth: An emprical investigation. Applied Economics Letters, 6(9), 557-561.
  • Balassa, B. (1978). Exports and economic growth: Further evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 181-189.
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey, R. C., & Lundblad, C. (2001). Does financial liberalization spur growth?. NBER Working Paper Series, No: 8245, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8245
  • Bekaert, G., & Harvey R. C., & Lundblad, C. (2005). Does financial liberalization spur growth?. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1), 3–55.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., & Kim, D., & Perron, P. (2009). GLS-Based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25, 1754-1792.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., & Sanso, A. (2006). Testing the null of cointegration with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(5), 623-646.
  • Chang, C.-C., & Mendy, M. (2012). Economic growth and openness in Africa: What is the empirical relationship?. Applied Economics Letters, 19(18), 1903–1907.
  • Chow, P. C. Y. (1987). Causality between export growth and industrial development: Empirical evidence from the NICs. Journal of Development Economics, 26(1) 55-63.
  • Dar, A., & Amirkhalkhali, S. (2003). On the impact of trade openness on growth: Further evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 35(16), 1761–1766.
  • Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(1), 1057-1072.
  • Dollar, D. (1992). Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: Evidence from 95 ldcs, 1976–1985. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3), 523–544.
  • Edison , J. H., & Levine R., & Ricci, L., & Tortsen, S. (2002). International financial integration and economic growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, 21 (6), 749–776.
  • Edwards, S. (1997). Openness, Productivity and growth: What do we really know?. NBER Working Papers, No: 5978, Retrieved September 06, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5978
  • Elliott, G., & Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient test for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836.
  • Engel, F, R., & Granger, J. W. C. (1987). Co-integration and error correction representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55 (2), 251-276.
  • Feder, G. (1982). On exports and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 12(1/2), 59- 75.
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1996). Trade and growth: An empirical investigation. NBER Working Papers, No:5476, Retrieved September 06, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nber.org/papers/w5476.pdf
  • Fratzscher, M., & Bussiere, M. (2004). Financial openness and growth: Short-run gain, long-run pain?. European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, 348, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp348.pdf
  • Garita, G. (2009). How does financial openness affect economic growth and its components?. Munich Personal Repec Archive, Retrieved November 09, 2015 from the World Wide Web: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20099/1/MPRA_paper_20099.pdf
  • Ghatak, S., & Milner, C., & Utkulu, U. (1995). Trade liberalization and endogenous growth: Some evidence for Turkey. Economics of Planning, 28(2), 147-167.
  • Granger, C. W. J., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Gregory, A. W., & Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99–126.
  • Grilli, V., & Milesi-Ferretti, M. G. (1995). Economic effect and structural determinants of capital controls. International Monetary Fund, 42(3), 517-551.
  • Haring, J. E., & Humprey, J. F. (1964). Simple models of trade expansion. Economic Inquiry 2(2), 85- 180.
  • Harrison, A. (1996). Openness and growth: A time-series, cross-country analysis for developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 48 (2), 419-447.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market ıntegration. Empirical Economics, 35 (3), 497-505.
  • Heller, P. S., & Porter, R. D. (1978). Exports and growth: An empirical re-investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 191-193.
  • Hellmann, T., & Murdock, K., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2000). Liberalization, moral hazard in banking and prudential regulation: are capital requirements enough. American Economic Review, 90(1), 147-165.
  • Honig, A. (2008). Addressing causality in the effect of capital account liberalization on growth. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(4), 1602–1616.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of co-integration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2/3), 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maxsimum likelihood estimation inference on co-integration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Kıran, B., & Güriş, B. (2011). Türkiye’de ticari ve finansal dışa açıklığın büyümeye etkisi: 1992-2006 dönemi üzerine bir inceleme. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 69-80.
  • Kim, D-H., & Lin, S.-C., & Suen, Y.-B. (2012). Dynamic effects of financial openness on economic growth and macroeconomic uncertainty. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(1), 25-54.
  • Klein, M. W., & Olivei, G. P. (2008). Capital account liberalization, financial depth, and economic growth. Journal of International Money and Finance, 27(6) 861–875.
  • Kose, A. M., & Prasad, E. S., & Terrones, M. E. (2008). Does openness to international financial flows raise productivity growth?. NBER Working Papers, No:14558,
  • Kurt, S., & Berber, M. (2008). Türkiye’ de dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 57-79.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., & Phillips, P. C. B., & Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationary against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Lee, J., &. Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lee, J., &. Strazicich, M. C (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Appalachian State University Working Papers, (04/17), 1-15.
  • Levine, R. (2001). International financial liberalization and economic growth. Review of International Economics, 9(4), 688–702.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L., & Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Michaely, M. (1977). Exports and growth: an empirical investigation. Journal of Development Economics, 4(1), 49-53.
  • Narayan, S., & Narayan, P.K. (2004). Determinats of demand of Fiji’s exports: An empirical investigation. The Developing Economics, 42(1), 95-112.
  • Ng, S., & Perron, P. (2001). Lag length selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1529–1554.
  • Omisakin, O., & Adeniyi, O., & Omojolaibi, A. (2009). Foreign direct investment, trade openness and growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economic Theory, 3(2), 13-18.
  • Özel, A. H. (2012). Küreselleşme sürecinde ticari ve finansal açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 1-30.
  • Özel, A. H., & Sezgin, F. (2012). Ticari serbestleşme-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin bootstrap kantil regresyon yardımıyla analizi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 283-303.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(2), 1361-1401.
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables. Journal of Econometrics, 80(2), 355-385.
  • Pesaran, H. M., & Shin, Y., & Smith, J. R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrica, 75(2), 345-346.
  • Prebisch, R. (1950). The economic development of Latin American and its principal problems. (Lake Success, NY: United Nations, Department of Economic Affairs), Reprinted in Economic Bulletin for Latin America, 7(1962), 1-22.
  • Ranciere, R., & Tornell, A., Westermann, F. (2006). Decomposing the effects of financial liberalization: Crises vs. growth. NBER Working Papers, No:12806,
  • Rodrik, D. (1999). Where did all the growth go? External shocks, social conflict, and growth collapses. Journal of Economic Growth, 4(4), 385-412.
  • Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of economic integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (1), 1–118.
  • Saçık Yapar. S. (2009). Dış ticaret politikası ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Teorik açıdan bir inceleme. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(16), 162-171.
  • Sandalcılar, A.R., & Noyan Yalman, İ. (2012). Türkiye’de dış ticaretteki serbestleşmenin işgücü piyasaları üzerindeki etkileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 49-65.
  • Singer, H. W. (1950). American economic association the distribution of gains between investing and borrowing countries. The American Economic Review, 40(2), 473-485.
  • Stiglitz, E. J. (2000). Capital market liberalization, economic growth, and instability. World Development, 28 (6), 1075-1086.
  • Sulaiman, L. A., & Oke, M. O., & Azeez, B. A. (2012). Effect of financial liberalization on economic growth in developing countries: the nigerian experience. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(12), 16-28.
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There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

A. Öznur Ümit

Publication Date January 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ümit, A. Ö. (2016). TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 255-272.
AMA Ümit AÖ. TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. January 2016;9(1):255-272.
Chicago Ümit, A. Öznur. “TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 1 (January 2016): 255-72.
EndNote Ümit AÖ (January 1, 2016) TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9 1 255–272.
IEEE A. Ö. Ümit, “TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI”, Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 255–272, 2016.
ISNAD Ümit, A. Öznur. “TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9/1 (January 2016), 255-272.
JAMA Ümit AÖ. TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;9:255–272.
MLA Ümit, A. Öznur. “TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, pp. 255-72.
Vancouver Ümit AÖ. TÜRKİYE’DE TİCARİ AÇIKLIK, FİNANSAL AÇIKLIK VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMI. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;9(1):255-72.
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