TÜRKİYE’DE TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN FİNANSAL BOYUTUNUN KÜRESEL FINDEX ARAŞTIRMASI GÖSTERGELERİ ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 144 - 165, 03.07.2024

Esin Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1451784

Abstract

Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın önündeki engellerden biri ve çok boyutlu bir sorun olan toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin finansal boyutu, ayrımcı sosyal normların yanı sıra sosyoekonomik toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, kadınların finansal kapsanma ve finansal okuryazarlık düzeyindeki artış ile güçlenmesinin yalnızca finansal olarak değil, diğer sosyoekonomik alanlarda da toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliklerini azaltabilme potansiyeline sahip olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, toplumsal cinsiyet eşit(siz)liğinin finansal ve sosyoekonomik boyutunun karşılıklı bir etkileşim içinde olduğu söylenebilir. Bu açıdan ülkelerdeki cinsiyete göre finansal kapsanma düzeyinin incelenmesine yönelik araştırmaların ve eşitsizlikleri azaltmaya yönelik politikaların önemi de artmaktadır. Bu çalışma, yirmi dört Küresel Findex Araştırması göstergesi üzerinden, Türkiye’deki kadınların finansal kapsanma/dışlanma ve finansal dijitalleşme düzeyleri ile COVID-19 dönemindeki finansal kırılganlıklarını Türkiye’deki erkekler ve çeşitli ülke gruplarında yaşayan kadınlarla karşılaştırarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca her bir gösterge için hesaplanan eşit(siz)lik endeksi ile Türkiye’deki toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin finansal boyutu ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Türkiye'de yaşayan kadınların hem Türkiye’deki erkeklere hem de karşılaştırma yapılan ülke gruplarındaki kadınlara göre finansal olarak kapsanma ve finansal dijitalleşme düzeyi düşük, finansal kırılganlığı ise daha yüksektir.

Keywords

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(siz)liği, Finansal Kapsanma/Dışlanma, Finansal Kırılganlık, Finansal Dijitalleşme, Türkiye

Ethical Statement

Makalemizde etik kurul gerektiren bir araştırma yapılmamıştır.

EVALUATION OF THE FINANCIAL DIMENSION OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN TÜRKİYE BASED ON GLOBAL FINDEX SURVEY INDICATORS

Abstract

The financial dimension of gender inequality, which is one of the obstacles to sustainable development and a multidimensional problem, emerges as a result of discriminatory social norms as well as socioeconomic gender inequality. On the other hand, considering that the empowerment of women through financial inclusion and an increase in the level of financial literacy has the potential to reduce gender inequalities not only financially but also in other socioeconomic areas, it can be said that the financial and socioeconomic dimensions of gender (in)equality are in a two-way interaction. In this respect, the importance of research on examining the level of financial inclusion by gender in countries and policies to reduce inequalities is also increasing. This study aims to evaluate the financial inclusion/exclusion and financial digitalization levels of women in Türkiye and their financial vulnerability during the COVID-19 period, by comparing them with men in Türkiye and women living in various country groups, through twenty-four Global Findex Survey indicators. In addition, the financial dimension of gender inequality in Türkiye has been tried to be revealed with the (in)equality index calculated for each indicator. According to the findings, women living in Türkiye have lower levels of financial inclusion and financial digitalization and higher financial vulnerability than both men in Türkiye and women in the comparison country groups.

Keywords

Gender (in)equality, financial inclusion, financial vulnerability, financial digitalization, Türkiye

References

• Akeju, K. F. (2022). Household financial behaviour: The role of financial inclusion instruments in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2022.2034595
• Antonijević, M., Ljumović, I., & Ivanović, Đ. (2022). Is there a gender gap in financial inclusion worldwide? Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee22.12.pp79-96
• Asuming, P. O., Osei-Agyei, L. G., & Mohammed, J. I. (2019). Financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent trends and determinants. Journal of African Business, 20(1), 112-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2018.1484209
• Cardona Ruiz, D. E., Hoyos, M. C., & Saavedra-Caballero, F. (2018). Gender and financial inclusion in Colombia. Ecos de Economía, 22(46), 60-90. https://doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2018.46.3
• Cicchiello, A. F., Kazemikhasragh, A., Fellegara, A. M., & Monferrà, S. (2021). Gender disparity effect among financially included (and excluded) women in Middle East and North Africa. Economics and Business Letters, 10(4), 342-348. https://doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.4.2021.342-348
• Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Ansar, S. (2022). The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience in the age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Elouardighi, I., & Kenza, O. (2023). Can digital financial inclusion promote women’s labor force participation? Microlevel evidence from Africa. International Journal of Financial Studies, 11(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11030087
• Ghosh, C., & Hom Chaudhury, R. (2019). Gender gap in case of financial inclusion: An empirical analysis in Indian context. Economics Bulletin, 39(4), 2615-2630.
• Ghosh, C., & Hom Chaudhury, R. (2022). Determinants of digital finance in India. Innovation and Development, 12(3), 343-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2020.1850012
• Girón, A., Kazemikhasragh, A., Cicchiello, A. F., & Panetti, E. (2022). Financial inclusion measurement in the least developed countries in Asia and Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13, 1198-1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00773-2
• Hendriks, S. (2019). The role of financial inclusion in driving women’s economic empowerment. Development in Practice, 29(8), 1029-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1660308
• International Labour Organization. (2020, March 6). Gender and financial inclusion. https://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/social-finance/WCMS_737729/lang--en/index.htm
• Kazemikhasragh, A., Cicchiello, A. F., Monferrà, S., & Girón, A. (2022). Gender inequality in financial inclusion: An exploratory analysis of the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Economic Issues, 56(3), 770-781. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2022.2079936
• Keerthikumara, S. M., & Kumari, D. S. S. (2023). Access and usage of financial products in India: A gender gap analysis. International Journal of Financial Engineering, 10(04), 2350022. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424786323500226
• Koomson, I., Villano, R. A., & Hadley, D. (2020). Intensifying financial inclusion through the provision of financial literacy training: A gendered perspective. Applied Economics, 52(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1645943
• Kulkarni, L., & Ghosh, A. (2021). Gender disparity in the digitalization of financial services: Challenges and promises for women's financial inclusion in India. Gender, Technology and Development, 25(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2021.1911022
• Morsy, H. (2020). Access to finance–Mind the gender gap. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 78, 12-21.
• Mossie, W. A. (2022). Understanding financial inclusion in Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10, 2071385. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2071385
• OECD. (2013). Addressing women's needs for financial education. https://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financial-education/OECD_INFE_women_FinEd2013.pdf
• Ojo, T. A. (2022). Digital financial inclusion for women in the fourth industrial revolution: A key towards achieving sustainable development goal 5. Africa Review, 14(1), 98-123. https://doi.org/10.1163/09744061-20220204
• Ozili, P. K. (2024). Effect of gender equality on financial stability and financial inclusion. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-12-2022-0565
• Roy, P., & Patro, B. (2022). Financial inclusion of women and gender gap in access to finance: A systematic literature review. Vision, 26(3), 282-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221104205
• Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Küresel Amaçlar. (2019, August 19). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği. UNDP Türkiye. https://www.kureselamaclar.org/amaclar/toplumsal-cinsiyet-esitligi/
• Tripathi, S., & Rajeev, M. (2023). Gender-inclusive development through fintech: Studying gender-based digital financial inclusion in a cross-country setting. Sustainability, 15, 10253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310253
• van Staveren, I. (2002). Global finance and gender. In J. A. Scholte & A. Schnabel (Eds.), Civil society and global finance (pp. 228-246). Routledge.
• World Bank. (2022, July 1). The Global Findex Database 2021: Country-level data [Data set]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/Data
• Yang, X., Huang, Y., & Gao, M. (2022). Can digital financial inclusion promote female entrepreneurship? Evidence and mechanisms. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 63, 101800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2022.101800