Nitel Araştırmalarda Görüşme Türleri ve Görüşme Tekniklerinin Uygulanma Süreci/ Interviews and Interviewing Techniques in Qualitative Research

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 78 - 101, 30.06.2022

Selda Karahan , Selda Uca , Tanju Güdük

https://doi.org/10.47105/nsb.1118399

Cited By: 13

Abstract

In the study, firstly, information about data collection types and data collection activities was given. It is appropriate to decide with which technique the data will be collected, in line with the research design to be adopted for the research problem. For example; While various types of interviews can be done for a case study, face-to-face in-depth interviews are more suitable for phenomenology study. The purpose of using the interview technique in qualitative research is to provide a deep knowledge based on the meanings that individuals attribute to life experiences, situations, or events. Researchers try to understand the situation examined from the subjective perspectives of individuals by asking flexible questions with the interview technique. However, there may be difficulties in making sense of the inner world of individuals due to their different cultural structures. For this reason, it is important for the researcher to have information about the process of the interview technique to be planned in line with the research design. Interview types are classified in various ways in the literature. In this article, the information obtained from the literature has been summarized and categorized as "interview types according to the way of communicating with the participants" and "interview types according to the data collection tool" based on the developments in qualitative research. The data collection process for each interview type is carried out similarly. The process includes the stages of establishing the sample frame, establishing the harmony by developing rapport, selecting the sample, collecting the data, analyzing the data, ensuring validity and reliability, and reporting the results. In the study, detailed information about the progress of these processes is given. In qualitative research, the vital element is about the place and the characteristics of the working group. The people and places that will provide the most accurate information about the research problem should be chosen. For this reason, purposive sampling methods are often preferred as a sampling method. There are various views on determining the sample size for qualitative research. Examples of various views are given in the article. The data analysis process in qualitative research includes collecting data, creating codes, simplifying the codes, creating categories and themes, and presenting them by reporting. There are also many different definitions of the types of qualitative data analysis in the literature. However, there are some methods that are frequently used in the interview technique. The qualitative design in which the research was designed is a guide for the appropriate analysis method. In qualitative research interviews, ideal data collection and analysis usually occur simultaneously. Since qualitative studies are carried out in accordance with specific descriptions, they do not aim to generalize their findings. This situation also leads to the emergence of many different views on validity and reliability. The most accepted validity and reliability criteria was discussed in line with the literature. In addition, ethical issues need to be taken into account, as the interviews provide data on the confidential aspects of the participants. In this respect, it is necessary to inform the participants about every subject before participating in the interview. In addition, it is important to ensure that the participants are volunteers and that the confidentiality of the collected data is guaranteed.
This study shows that there are very different approaches at every stage of the application process of the interview technique in qualitative research. In this study, in order to clarify this complexity, the subject is discussed in detail in line with the methods frequently used in the literature, up to date sources. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between research design and interview technique. In order to better understand qualitative research methods in future studies, it is recommended to conduct studies examining different techniques with relevant up-to-date sources. 

Keywords

Qualitative research, ınterview technique, data collection, qualitative data analysis

Nitel Araştırmalarda Görüşme Türleri ve Görüşme Tekniklerinin Uygulanma Süreci/ Interviews and Interviewing Techniques in Qualitative Research

Abstract

Son yıllarda sosyal bilimler alanında yapılan çalışmalarda bir paradigma değişimi yaşandığı ve nitel yöntemlerle tasarlanmış çalışmaların giderek arttığı görülmektedir. Yapılan bu nitel araştırmalarda veri toplama yöntemi olarak sıklıkla görüşme tekniğinden yararlanılmaktadır. Literatüre bakıldığında görüşme tekniklerinin; araştırmanın deseni, farklı disiplin perspektifleri ve farklı yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda çok çeşitli şekillerde ele alındığı ve nitel araştırma desenleri doğrultusunda görüşme sürecinin yürütülmesi ile ilgili bilgi eksikliği olduğu görülmektedir. Bu durum özellikle nitel araştırmalarda tecrübe sahibi olmayan araştırmacılar için kafa karışıklığı yaratabilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, nitel yaklaşıma yönelik görüşme tekniği süreçlerinin doğru anlaşılması amacıyla görüşme teknikleri kavramsal olarak ele alınmış ve görüşme teknikleri ile yapılan araştırmaların süreci hakkındaki bilgiler; sıklıkla kullanılan teknikler ve güncel kaynaklarla desteklenen detaylı bilgiler doğrultusunda ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca çalışmada, görüşme tekniği nitel araştırma desenlerine göre incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın görüşme tekniği ile ilgili literatürde eksikliği hissedilen ve karışıklık yaratan durumların aydınlatılmasına fayda sağlayacağı ve nitel araştırmalara yeni başlayanlar için yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Nitel araştırmalar, görüşme tekniği, veri toplama, nitel veri analizi

References

• Alizadeh, A., Khankeh, H. R., Barati, M., Ahmadi, Y., Hadian, A., & Azizi, M. (2020). Psychological distress among Iranian health-care providers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1-10.
• Alshenqeeti, H. (2014). Interviewing as a data collection method: A critical review. English Linguistics Research, 3(1), 39-45.
• Alves, J., Teixeira, P., Eusébio, C., & Teixeira, L. (2022). Benchmarking of technological platforms for accessible tourism: A study resulting in an ınnovative solution—Access@ tour. Applied Sciences, 12(8), 3963.
• Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır?. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 368-388.
• Bampton, R., Cowton, C., & Downs, Y. (2013). The e-interview in qualitative research. In Advancing research methods with new technologies (pp.329-343). IGI Global.
• Barbour, R., & Schostak, J. F. (2005). Interviewing and Focus Groups. In: B. Somekh & C. Lewin, (eds.) Research Methods in the Social Sciences (pp. 41-48). London: Sage.
• Başfırıncı, Ç. (2011). Sembolik tüketim ve tüketim öykülerinin hermeneutik yaklaşımla yorumlanmasına ilişkin bir uygulama. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, 7, 183-210.
• Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi. DEUHFED, 9(1), 23-28.
• Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. London: Pearson
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Sage.
• Brewerton, P. M., & Millward, L. J. (2001). Organizational research methods: A guide for students and researchers. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
• Creswell, J.W. (2017). Araştırma Deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. 3. Baskı, Eğiten Kitap Yayınevi: Ankara.
• Creswell, J. W.(2021). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni. 6. Baskı, Siyasal Kitabevi: Ankara.
• Corner, E. J., Murray, E. J., & Brett, S. J. (2019). Qualitative, grounded theory exploration of patients’ experience of early mobilisation, rehabilitation and recovery after critical illness. BMJ Open, 9(2), e026348.
• Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science and Medicine, 14, 1667-1676.
• Çokluk, Ö., Yılmaz, K. & Oğuz, E. (2011). Nitel bir görüşme yöntemi: Odak grup görüşmesi. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim, 4(1), 95-107.
• Deakin, H., & Wakefield, K. (2014). Skype interviewing: reflections of two PhD researchers. Qualitative Research, 14(5), 603–616.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.
• DiCicco‐Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321.
• Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Dönmez, B. & Özkul, R. (2020). Öğretmen andının öğretmenlik mesleki değerlerinin kazandırılmasına katkısı. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(227), 345-370.
• Dubrovsky, V. J., Kiesler, S., & Sethna, B. N. (1991). The equalization phenomenon: Status effects in computer-mediated and face-to-face decision-making groups. Human-Computer İnteraction, 6(2), 119-146.
• Duran, E., Hamarat, B. & Özkul, E. (2014). A sustainable festival management model: the case of International Troia festival. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(2), 173–193.
• Edwards, R., & Holland, J. (2013). What is qualitative interviewing?. A&C Black.
• Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 415-441.
• Ekiz, D. (2003). Eğitimde araştırma yöntem ve metotlarına giriş. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Ertugay, F. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma/esnek desen araştırması: Alana ilişkin zorluklar, sorunlar ve imkânlar. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 1(1), 48-68.
• Gazelci, S. C., & Aydın, Ş. (2021). Gastronomi turizmi kapsamında tören yiyecek içeceklerinin tespiti: Antalya Döşemealtı örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
• Gill, P., & Baillie, J. (2018). Interviews and focus groups in qualitative research: an update for the digital age. British Dental Journal, 225(7), 668-672.
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
• Hesse-Biber SN, Leavy P. In-depth interview. In: The practice of qualitative research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Janghorban, R., Roudsari, R. L., & Taghipour, A. (2014). Skype interviewing: The new generation of online synchronous interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9(1), 24152.
• James, N., & Busher, H. (2012). Internet interviewing. The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of The Craft, 177-192.
• Jones, C. (2020). Qualitative interviewing. In Handbook for Research Students in The Social Sciences (pp. 203-214). Routledge.
• Kamberelis, G., & Dimitriadis, G. (2005). Focus groups: Strategic articulations of pedagogy, politics, and inquiry. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed. (pp. 887–907). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
• Kazmer, M., & Xie, B. (2008). Qualitative interviewing in Internet studies: Playing with the media, playing with the method. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 257–278.
• Kısık, N. (2022). Dr. Fahrettin Koca’nın 14 Mart tıp bayramında sağlık çalışanlarına yazdığı mektubun söylem ve içerik analizi. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 4(1), 21-30.
• Kitchin, R., & Tate, N. (2013). Conducting research in human geography: theory, methodology and practice. Routledge.
• Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: introducing focus groups. Bmj, 311(7000), 299-302.
• Korkmaz, M., & Ayduğ, İ. (2020). Gökçeada’nın gastronomik kimliğinin Ada’da faaliyet gösteren kadın işletmeciler perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi. Tourism and Recreation, 2(2), 84-96.
• Krueger, R.A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. London: SAGE.
• Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Kuzel A. (1999). Sampling in qualitative inquiry. In: Crabtree B, Miller W, eds. Doing Qualitative Research. 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
• Liamputtong, P. (2019). Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. Singapore: Springer.
• Longhurst, R. (2003). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key Methods in Geography, 3(2), 143-156.
• Merriam, S. B. (2015). Qualitative research: Designing, implementing, and publishing a study. In Handbook of Research on Scholarly Publishing and Research Methods (pp. 125-140). IGI Global.
• Miles ve Huberman (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
• Mondal, S., & Samaddar, K. (2020). Issues and challenges in implementing sharing economy in tourism: a triangulation study. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal.
• Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129–152.
• Morgan, D. L., Krueger, R. A., & King, J. A. (1998). The focus group kit. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Nyumba, T., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and evolution, 9(1), 20-32.
• Opdenakker, R. (2006) Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Research, 7, Article 11.
• Pawson, R., Boaz, A., Grayson, L., Long, A., & Barnes, C. (2003). Types and quality of knowledge in social care. London: Social Care Institute for Excellence.
• Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 137.
• Punch, K. F. (2005). Sosyal araştırmalara giriş: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Rabbie, F. (2004). Focus-group interview and data analysis. Proceedings of The Nutrition Society, 63(4), 655-660.
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2005). Listening, hearing, and sharing social experiences. Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data, 2, 1-14.
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I.S. (2011) Qualitative interviewing: the art of hearing data. London: Sage.
• Sandelowski, M., Docherty, S., & Emden, C. (1997). Qualitative metasynthesis: Issues and techniques. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(4), 365-371.
• Sevencan, F. ve Çilingiroğlu, N. (2007). Sağlık alanındaki araştırmalarda kullanılan niteliksel veri toplama yöntemleri. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(1), 1-6.
• Spradley, J. (2003). Asking descriptive questions. Qualitative approaches to criminal justice: Perspectives from the field, 44-53.
• Şahin, B., Kaya, S., Cesur, S., Özkul, E., & Uca, S. (2021). Profesyonel turist rehberlerinin kaçak rehberlik faaliyetlerini algılamalarına yönelik bir araştırma. TroyAcademy, 6(1), 232-248.
• Şener, S., Bahçeci, V., Doğru, H., Sel, Z. G., Ertaş, M., Songür, S., & Tütüncü, Ö. (2017). Turizm alanındaki nitel araştırmaların güvenirlik ve geçerlik ölçütleri kapsamında değerlendirilmesi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), 7-26.
• Tates, K., Zwaanswijk, M., Otten, R., Van Dulmen, S., Hoogerbrugge, P. M., Kamps, W. A., & Bensing, J. M. (2009). Online focus groups as a tool to collect data in hard-to-include populations: examples from paediatric oncology. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), 1-8.
• Tekin, H. H., & Tekin, H. (2006). Nitel araştırma yönteminin bir veri toplama tekniği olarak derinlemesine görüşme. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(13), 101-116.
• Thorne, S. (2000). Data analysis in qualitative research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 3(3), 68-70.
• Torun, N. (2019). Uzun süreli yoğun bakım ünitesinde hastası olan ailelerin deneyimleri: Nitel bir çalışma. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(3), 127-133.
• Türnüklü, A. (2000). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel biraraştırma tekniği: Görüşme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 24(24), 543-559.
• Oltmann, S. M. (2016). Qualitative interviews: A methodological discussion of the interviewer and respondent contexts. Qualitative Social Research, 17(2), 1-16.
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Dickinson, W. B., Leech, N. L., & Zoran, A. G. (2010). Toward more rigor in focus group research in stress and coping and beyond: A new mixed research framework for collecting and analyzing focus group data. In K. M. T. Collins, A. J. Onwuegbuzie, & Q. G. Jiao (Eds.), Toward a broader understanding of stress and coping: Mixed methods approaches (pp. 243–285).
• Qu, S. Q., & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research In Accounting & Management. 8(3): 238-264.
• Özdemir, M. (2010). Nitel veri analizi: Sosyal bilimlerde yöntembilim sorunsalı üzerine bir çalışma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 323-343.
• Uygun, E., Levent, S., & Özkul, E. (2019). Lisans düzeyinde turizm eğitimi veren üniversitelerin ders programlarının kırsal turizm açısından incelenmesi. Gastroia: Journal of Gastronomy and Travel Research, 3(4), 498-516.
• Ültay, E., Akyurt, H., & Ültay, N. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde betimsel içerik analizi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 188-201.
• Wengraf, T. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semi-structured methods (1st Edition). London: Sage.
• Wilkinson, S. (1998). Focus group methodology: a review. International journal of social research methodology, 1(3), 181-203.
• Yağar, F. & Dökme, S. (2018). Niteliksel araştırmaların planlanması: Araştırma soruları, örneklem seçimi, geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 1-9.
• Yıldırım, A., & Simsek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayinlari.
• Yılmaz, E. (2019). Mahtumkulu’nun şiirlerinin eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi bakımından incelenmesi. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, (48), 235-244.
• Yiga, P., Ogwok, P., Achieng, J., Auma, M. D., Seghers, J., & Matthys, C. (2021). Determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban Uganda, a qualitative study. Public Health Nutrition, 24(12), 3624-3636.
• Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Zhang, Y, & Wildemuth, B. M. (2009). Unstructured interviews. Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science. Exeter: Libraries Unlimited., 222-231.