Epidemiological Investigation of COVID-19 Effects in Pregnant Women and Their Infants

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 65 - 72, 30.05.2024

Adem Durmaz , Muammer Yılmaz , Huri Güvey

https://doi.org/10.56766/ntms.1436040

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate in pregnant women after being infected with SARS-CoV2 infection and whether any possible complications develop for the pregnant woman and the baby. This study was conducted on n=301 pregnant women who were registered and being followed up at the COVID-19 Home Follow-up and Monitoring Coordination (HFM) Centre. A questionnaire consisting of a Personal Information Form questioning sociodemographic characteristics and questions about the COVID-19 history of the pregnant women during their pregnancies and information about the baby after birth was administered to them by telephone. The mean age of the pregnant women was 30.21±5.34 years and n=79 (26.2%) had received COVID-19 vaccine. Preeclampsia was observed in 1.0%, miscarriage in 5.8% and stillbirth in 0.3% of the pregnant women. Two (0.7%) of the babies died after birth. 21.6% of the babies had to be hospitalised due to a health problem. 2.3% of the babies had COVID-19. 12.1% of the babies had respiratory distress and 55.0% had jaundice (32.3% in the first 24 hours). Of the jaundiced babies, n=64 (41.3%) received treatment for jaundice. 13.9% of the babies had breastfeeding problems after birth. Developmental delay was found in 3.6% of the babies. There was no increase in the risk of congenital anomalies and miscarriage rates due to COVID-19 in pregnant women, but the incidence of cardiac anomalies increased compared to other anomalies. Abortion rates were higher in vaccinated pregnant women compared to unvaccinated pregnant women.

Keywords

Pregnancy, COVID-19, effect, congenital anomaly

Ethical Statement

The research was conducted with the permission of KSBU Faculty of Medicine Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee dated 09.02.2022 and decision number 2022/02-24.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

We would like to thank all the participants.

References

• 1. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51–60. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.06
• 2. WHO. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Avaliable from: https://covid19.who.int/ Accessed date: 05.11.2023
• 3. Dumitriu D, Emeruwa UN, Hanft E, et al. Outcomes of neonates born to mothers with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection at a large medical center in New York City. JAMA Pediatr. 2021; 175(2):157-67.
• 4. Verma S, Carter EB, Mysorekar IU. SARS-CoV2 and pregnancy: An invisible enemy? Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020; 84(5):e13308.
• 5. Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in ınfants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5(6):e2215787.
• 6. Huang P, Zhou F, Guo Y, et al. Association Between the COVID-19 pandemic and infant neurodevelopment: a comparison before and during COVID-19. Front Pediatr. 2021; 9:662165.
• 7. Xiong S, Liu L, Lin F, et al. Clinical characteristics of 116 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20(1):787.
• 8. Mendoza M, Garcia-Ruiz I, Maiz N, et al. Pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study. BJOG. 2020; 127(11):1374-80.
• 9. Guida JP, Cecatti JG, Souza RT, et al. Preeclampsia among women with COVID-19 during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes: Results from a national multicenter study on COVID in Brazil, the REBRACO initiative. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2022; 28:168-73.
• 10. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods. 2009; 41(4):1149-60.
• 11. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Avaliable from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19) Accessed date: 21.11.2023.
• 12. Huntley BJF, Huntley ES, Di Mascio D, Chen T, Berghella V, Chauhan SP. Rates of maternal and perinatal mortality and vertical transmission in pregnancies complicated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co-V-2) infection: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 136(2):303-12.
• 13. Doğru HY, Oktay G, Özsoy AZ, Çakmak B, Delibaş İB, Esen M. Acil servise başvuran gebelerin değerlendirilmesi: üçüncü basamak tek merkez deneyimi. Van Med J. 2017; 24(3):157-62.
• 14. Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA. An update on COVID-19 and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022; 226(2):177-86.
• 15. Favre G, Gerbier E, Maisonneuve E, et al. COVID-19-related medicine utilization study in pregnancy: The COVI-PREG cohort. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023; 89(5):1560-74.
• 16. McClymont E, Albert AY, Alton GD, et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy with maternal and perinatal outcomes. JAMA. 2022; 327(20):1983-91.
• 17. Khalil A, von Dadelszen P, Draycott T, Ugwumadu A, O'Brien P, Magee L. change in the incidence of stillbirth and preterm delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020; 324(7):705-706.
• 18. Gurol-Urganci I, Jardine JE, Carroll F, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021; 225(5):522.e1-522.e11.
• 19. Aydemir H, Uyar Hazar H. Düşük riskli, riskli, yüksek riskli gebelik ve ebenin rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014; 3(2):815-33.
• 20. Ammon Avalos L, Galindo C, Li DK. A systematic review to calculate background miscarriage rates using life table analysis. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012; 94(6):417-23.
• 21. Magnus MC, Wilcox AJ, Morken NH, Weinberg CR, Håberg SE. Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study. BMJ. 2019; 364:l869.
• 22. Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E, Saito S, Kutteh WH, Brosens JJ. Recurrent pregnancy loss. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020; 6(1):98.
• 23. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory COVID-19 vaccination considerations for obstetric–gynecologic care COVID-19 vaccina. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/covid-19-vaccination-considerations-for-obstetric-gynecologic-care Accessed date: 11.11.2023
• 24. Rahmati M, Yon DK, Lee SW, et al. Effects of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33(3):e2434.
• 25. Haghighi MM, Wright CY, Ayer J, et al. Impacts of high environmental temperatures on congenital anomalies: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4910.
• 26. Mullins E, Perry A, Banerjee J, et al. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: The PAN-COVID study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022; 276:161-67.
• 27. Balcı O, Taviloğlu ZŞ, Yılmaz AF, et al. Üniversite hastanemizde konjenital anomalilerin görülme sıklığı ve dağılımı. Gaziantep Medical Journal. 2012; 18(2):81-84.
• 28. Thalor N, Singh K, Pujani M, Chauhan V, Agarwal C, Ahuja R. A correlation between platelet indices and preeclampsia. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2019; 41(2):129-33.
• 29. Stanton C, Lawn JE, Rahman H, Wilczynska-Ketende K, Hill K. Stillbirth rates: delivering estimates in 190 countries. Lancet. 2006; 367(9521):1487-94.
• 30. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2022 Haber Bülteni. Avaliable from: https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/46511/0/haber-bulteni-2022-v7pdf.pdf Accessed date:06.12.2023
• 31. Olusanya BO, Osibanjo FB, Slusher TM. Risk factors for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(2): e0117229.
• 32. Erdeve O, Okulu E, Olukman O, et al. The Turkish Neonatal Jaundice Online Registry: A national root cause analysis. PLoS One. 2018; 13(2):e0193108.
• 33. Paul DA, Agiro A, Hoffman M, et al. Hospital admission and emergency department utilization in an infant medicaid population. Hosp Pediatr. 2016; 6:587-94.
• 34. Güneş S, Şahin S, Koyuncu Arslan M, Karaca Dağ Ö, Anıl M. Emergency room admission for newborns: how many are really urgent? Forbes J Med. 2022; 3(3):291-96.
• 35. Bayram D. Yaşamın ilk 1000 gününde görülen nörogelişimsel bozuklukların tanılanmasında ilkel reflekslerin önemi. İzmir Democracy Unıversıty Health Scıences Journal Iduhes.2019; 2(1):7-19.
• 36. Ahi S, Borlu A. Bir üniversite hastanesinde doğan bebeklerde düşük doğum ağırlığı ve doğum kiloları ile ilişkili faktörler. KAEÜ Sağl Bil Derg. 2021; 1(3):140-50.
• 37. Pérez-López FR, Savirón-Cornudella R, Chedraui P, et al. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with COVID 19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022; 35(25):9742-58.
• 38. Wei SQ, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Liu S, Auger N. The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2021; 193(16):E540-E548.