Abstract
Bu çalışmada Sultan Abdülmecid’in 1846 senesindeki Rumeli seyahatinin gerçekleşmesinin farklı veçheleri analiz edilmekte, bu seyahatin Ortodoks Bulgar halkı üzerinde yarattığı etki değerlendirilmekte ve Bulgar toplumunun kendini algılama biçimini şekillendirmesi bakımından uzun vadedeki büyük etkisinin izleri sürülmektedir.
Makalede, Abdülmecid’in Rumeli’ye yaptığı seyahat, selefi II. Mahmud’un 1830’larda
yaptığı memleket gezilerinin önemi de hesaba katılarak, geniş bir bağlamda ele alınmıştır.
Abdülmecid’in 1846’daki Rumeli gezisi, II. Mahmud’un 1826’da Yeniçeri ocağını kaldırmasının ardından “hükümdarın görünürlüğünü” daha da arttırmak için benimsediği
yeni “seyahat siyaseti” bağlamında incelenmektedir. Osmanlı başkentinde, vilayetlerde
ve ilki 1836’da olmak üzere yurtdışında da yapılan, özellikle yıllık veladet ve cülus günü
kutlamalarıyla kendini gösteren bu yeni süreç, görüşümüze göre, özellikle gayrimüslim
tebaanın sadakatini kazanmayı hedefleyen yeni bir tarz merkezileşme metodunun tezahürüydü. Bu süreç, Osmanlı hükümdarı ve tebaası, toplumunun merkezi ve çevresi
arasında (Gayr-i Müslimleri de kapsayan) inanç ve evrensel hükümranlık kavramları
ve pratiklerine dayanan yeni etkileşim imkanlarını da beraberinde getirdi. Temelinde
tanzim edilebilir simgeler üzerinden anlamlanan bu etkileşim imkanlarının daha önce
pek de eşi benzeri yoktu. Merkezin yerele getirdiği ve gittikçe çeşitlenen kutlamalarla,
gayrimüslimler ve hükümdar arasında dikey sadakat bağları yaratıldı. Söz konusu bağlar,
19. yüzyılın ortalarında en az yirmi otuz yıl kadar gayet başarılı bir şekilde kurulmaya
devam etti. Yine bu bağlar ortak çıkarların dile getirilmesi ve cemaate ilişkin taleplerin
billurlaştırılmasında hayati bir zemin teşkil etti. Son tahlilde bu çalışma, 19. yüzyılın
ortalarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda modernitenin doğası ve gelişimi ile halk düzeyindeki etnik milliyetçi düşünce zihniyeti üzerine yapılan çalışmalar için yeni bir çerçeve
çizmeye çalışacaktır.
References
- Bibliography Burmov, Todor: Spomenite Mi. Dnevnik. Avtobiografia, Sofia: Liubomudrie 1994. D., P.: “Letter from Tırnova”, Tsarigradski Vestnik 72, Istanbul, 05.11.1849. Georgov, Ivan: Sbornik za Narodni Umotvoreniya, kn. 24, ch. I, Sofia: Durzhavna Pechatnitsa 1908. Gerov, Nayden: “Diaries”, Svetla Gyurova (ed.), Vuzrozhdenski Putepisi, Sofia: Bulgarski Pisatel 1969. Gradeva, Rossitsa: “Ottoman Policy towards Christian Church Building”, Etudes Balkaniques, 4 (Sofia 1994). Inalcık, Halil: Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1943. Karal, Enver Ziya: “Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayununda Batının Etkisi”, Belleten, XXVIII/112 (Ankara 1964). Karateke, Hakan: Padişahım Çok Yaşa! Osmanlı Devletinin Son Yüz Yılında Merasimler, Istanbul: Kitab Yayinevi 2004. Karateke, Hakan: “From Divine Ruler to Modern Monarch. e Ideal of the Ottoman Sultan in the Nineteenth Century”, Jörn Leonhard and Ulrike von Hirschhausen (eds.), Comparing Empires. Encounters and Transfers in the Long Nineteenth Century. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2011. Karateke, Hakan: “Opium for the Subjects? Religiosity as a Legitimizing Factor for the Ottoman Sultan”, Hakan Karateke and Maurus Reinkowski (eds.), Legitimizing the Order: e Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, Leiden: Brill 2005. Kırlı, Cengiz: e Struggle over Space: Coffeehouses of Ottoman Istanbul, 1780-1845, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Binghamton: SUNY-Binghamton History Department 2000. Lory, Bernard: “e Vizier’s Dream: “Seeing St. Dimitar” in Ottoman Bitola”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (London 2009). Lyberatos, Andreas: “e Application of the Tanzimat and Its Political Effects: Glances from Plovdiv and Its Rum Millet”, Maria Baramova et al (eds.), Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe, 16th-19th C. Berlin: LiT Verlag 2013, p. 109-118. McClelland, Bruce: Sacrifice, Scapegoat, Vampire. e Social and Religious Origins of the Bulgarian Folkloric Vampire, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Charlottesville: University of Virginia 1999. von Moltke, Helmuth: Lettres du Marechal de Moltke sur L’Orient, Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher 1872. von Moltke, Helmuth: Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835-1839, Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1876. von Moltke, Helmuth: Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835-1839, Berlin: Posen, Bromberg, Mittler 1841. Özcan, Abdülkadir: “II. Mahmud’un Memleket Gezileri”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan, İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi 1991. Prokesch von Osten, Anton: Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen vom türkischen Reiche in Jahre 1821 und der Gründung des hellenischen Königreiches, Wien: C. Gerold‘s Sohn 1867. Rodrigue, Aron and Stein, Sarah (eds.): A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: e Ladino Memoir of Sa’adi Besalel a-Levi, Stanford: Stanford University Press 2012. Safrastjian, Ruben: “Ottomanism in Turkey in the Epoch of Reforms in XIX C.: Ideology and Policy I”, Etudes Balkaniques 4 (Sofia 1988). Stambolski, Hristo: Avtobiografiya, Dnevnitsi, Spomeni. 1852-1879, Sofia: Bulgarski Pisatel 1972. Stephanov, Darin: “Solemn Songs for the Sultan. Cultural Integration through Music in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1840s-1860s”, Risto Pennanen et al (eds.), Ottoman Intimacies, Balkan Musical Realities. Athens: Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens (PMFIA) 2013. Stephanov, Darin: “e Ruler and the Ruled rough the Prism of Royal Birthday Celebrations. A Close Look at Two Documents”, Maria Baramova et al (eds.), Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe, 16th-19th C. Berlin: LiT Verlag 2013, p. 263-270. Stephanov, Darin: Minorities, Majorities, and the Monarch: Nationalizing Effects of the Late Ottoman Royal Public Ceremonies, 1808 – 1908, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Memphis: University of Memphis History Department, 2012. Todorova, Maria: Anglia, Rossia i Tanzimat, Moscow: Nauka 1983. Vazov, Ivan: Speech at the Gala Banquet, XIX, p.355-56. Wortman, Richard: Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1995-2000. Yoannovich, Hadzhi Nayden: Novi Bulgarski Pesni s Tsarski i Drugi Novi Pesni ili Pohvali…, Belgrade, 1851. Yoannovich, Hadzhi Nayden: Mesetsoslov ili Kalendar za Leto 1847, Bucharest: I. Copaynig 1846.
Abstract
This article analyzes various aspects of the complex staging of Abdülmecid’s
1846 tour of Rumelia, evaluates the immediate response it elicits from local Orthodox
Christian Bulgars, and traces its momentous long-term impact on the shaping of the
Bulgar community’s self-conception. The article places Abdülmecid’s tour within the
larger context of his predecessor’s groundbreaking series of imperial tours of the 1830s,
and the still larger context of Mahmud II’s far-reaching shift towards ruler visibility
after his destruction of the Janissaries in 1826. This overarching process, which relied
crucially on the annual royal birthday (veladet) and accession-day (cülus) celebrations
in the Ottoman capital, the provinces, and abroad (first held in 1836), began, in
the author’s view, as yet another type of centralization – of subject (especially, nonMuslim) loyalties. It created an unprecedented avenue for direct regularized symbolic
interaction between the ruler and the ruled, core and periphery of Ottoman society
on the basis of innovative conceptions and practices of (inclusive) faith and (universal) kingship. Among non-Muslims, the broadening range of local celebrations of
the center forged vertical ties of loyalty to the monarch, which were quite successful
for at least two or three decades in the mid-nineteenth century. At the same time, it
provided a vital venue for the expression of communal interests and the crystallization
of communal agendas.
In the final analysis, this article lays out in broad strokes a new framework for the
study of the advent and nature of modernity and the ethnonational mindset at the
popular level in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire.
References
- Bibliography Burmov, Todor: Spomenite Mi. Dnevnik. Avtobiografia, Sofia: Liubomudrie 1994. D., P.: “Letter from Tırnova”, Tsarigradski Vestnik 72, Istanbul, 05.11.1849. Georgov, Ivan: Sbornik za Narodni Umotvoreniya, kn. 24, ch. I, Sofia: Durzhavna Pechatnitsa 1908. Gerov, Nayden: “Diaries”, Svetla Gyurova (ed.), Vuzrozhdenski Putepisi, Sofia: Bulgarski Pisatel 1969. Gradeva, Rossitsa: “Ottoman Policy towards Christian Church Building”, Etudes Balkaniques, 4 (Sofia 1994). Inalcık, Halil: Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi 1943. Karal, Enver Ziya: “Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayununda Batının Etkisi”, Belleten, XXVIII/112 (Ankara 1964). Karateke, Hakan: Padişahım Çok Yaşa! Osmanlı Devletinin Son Yüz Yılında Merasimler, Istanbul: Kitab Yayinevi 2004. Karateke, Hakan: “From Divine Ruler to Modern Monarch. e Ideal of the Ottoman Sultan in the Nineteenth Century”, Jörn Leonhard and Ulrike von Hirschhausen (eds.), Comparing Empires. Encounters and Transfers in the Long Nineteenth Century. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2011. Karateke, Hakan: “Opium for the Subjects? Religiosity as a Legitimizing Factor for the Ottoman Sultan”, Hakan Karateke and Maurus Reinkowski (eds.), Legitimizing the Order: e Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, Leiden: Brill 2005. Kırlı, Cengiz: e Struggle over Space: Coffeehouses of Ottoman Istanbul, 1780-1845, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Binghamton: SUNY-Binghamton History Department 2000. Lory, Bernard: “e Vizier’s Dream: “Seeing St. Dimitar” in Ottoman Bitola”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (London 2009). Lyberatos, Andreas: “e Application of the Tanzimat and Its Political Effects: Glances from Plovdiv and Its Rum Millet”, Maria Baramova et al (eds.), Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe, 16th-19th C. Berlin: LiT Verlag 2013, p. 109-118. McClelland, Bruce: Sacrifice, Scapegoat, Vampire. e Social and Religious Origins of the Bulgarian Folkloric Vampire, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Charlottesville: University of Virginia 1999. von Moltke, Helmuth: Lettres du Marechal de Moltke sur L’Orient, Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher 1872. von Moltke, Helmuth: Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835-1839, Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1876. von Moltke, Helmuth: Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835-1839, Berlin: Posen, Bromberg, Mittler 1841. Özcan, Abdülkadir: “II. Mahmud’un Memleket Gezileri”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan, İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi 1991. Prokesch von Osten, Anton: Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen vom türkischen Reiche in Jahre 1821 und der Gründung des hellenischen Königreiches, Wien: C. Gerold‘s Sohn 1867. Rodrigue, Aron and Stein, Sarah (eds.): A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: e Ladino Memoir of Sa’adi Besalel a-Levi, Stanford: Stanford University Press 2012. Safrastjian, Ruben: “Ottomanism in Turkey in the Epoch of Reforms in XIX C.: Ideology and Policy I”, Etudes Balkaniques 4 (Sofia 1988). Stambolski, Hristo: Avtobiografiya, Dnevnitsi, Spomeni. 1852-1879, Sofia: Bulgarski Pisatel 1972. Stephanov, Darin: “Solemn Songs for the Sultan. Cultural Integration through Music in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1840s-1860s”, Risto Pennanen et al (eds.), Ottoman Intimacies, Balkan Musical Realities. Athens: Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens (PMFIA) 2013. Stephanov, Darin: “e Ruler and the Ruled rough the Prism of Royal Birthday Celebrations. A Close Look at Two Documents”, Maria Baramova et al (eds.), Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe, 16th-19th C. Berlin: LiT Verlag 2013, p. 263-270. Stephanov, Darin: Minorities, Majorities, and the Monarch: Nationalizing Effects of the Late Ottoman Royal Public Ceremonies, 1808 – 1908, (Unpublished PhD Dissertation) Memphis: University of Memphis History Department, 2012. Todorova, Maria: Anglia, Rossia i Tanzimat, Moscow: Nauka 1983. Vazov, Ivan: Speech at the Gala Banquet, XIX, p.355-56. Wortman, Richard: Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1995-2000. Yoannovich, Hadzhi Nayden: Novi Bulgarski Pesni s Tsarski i Drugi Novi Pesni ili Pohvali…, Belgrade, 1851. Yoannovich, Hadzhi Nayden: Mesetsoslov ili Kalendar za Leto 1847, Bucharest: I. Copaynig 1846.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 15, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 |