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The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century

Year 2016, , 399 - 416, 27.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.632239

Abstract

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Avrupa Devletler Sistemi arasındaki artan temaslar

neticesinde, Osmanlı Devleti, Prusya’ya 1763 ve 1806 yılları arasındaki iki orta elçi, bir

büyükelçi ve dört maslahatgüzar yolladı. Osmanlı diplomatlarının Berlin’deki görevleri

boyunca ortaya çıkan yolculuk, konaklama, tayinat ve harçlık gibi masrafları ilk başta

ev sahibi ülke karşıladı. Ancak, 1798’de Berlin’e ilk daimi Osmanlı büyükelçisinin gön-

derilmesinin ardından, Prusyalılar diplomatların finansal sorumluluğunu reddetmeye

başladı. Bu karar, diplomatlar ve hükümetler arasındaki karşılaşmaları yoğunlaştırdı ve

Osmanlı diplomasisinin artan bir şekilde profesyonelleşmesiyle sonuçlandı. Değişen

tahsisat uygulamalarının sonucunda, artık yabancı başkentlerin günlük yaşamına daha

çok katılmak zorunda olan Osmanlı diplomatları, maaşlarını almak ve başkentlerdeki

ikametlerini organize etmek için yeni kanallar bulmak zorunda kaldılar. Hem Osmanlı,

hem de Prusya kaynaklarını kullanan bu makale, uluslararası bankalar gibi resmi

kuruluşların ortaya çıkmasından önceki uluslararası tahsisat uygulama ve ağlarını

tekrardan inşa etmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. “A New Diplomatic History and the Networks of Spanish Di- plomacy in the Baroque Era.” The International History Review (2013): 1–16.
  • Frigo, Daniela. “Prudence and Experience: Ambassadors and Political Culture in Early Modern Italy.” Journal of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 38, no. 1 (2008), 15–3.
  • Gelder, Maartje v., and Tijana Krstić. Introduction: Cross-Confessional Diplomacy and Diplomatic Intermediaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Journal of Early Modern History 19 (2015): 93–105.
  • Ghobrial, John-Paul A. The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Hurewitz, Jacob C. “The Europeanization of Ottoman Diplomacy: The Conversion from Unilateralism to Reciprocity in the Nineteenth Century.” Belleten 25, no. 99 (1961): 455–66.
  • Kühnel, Florian. “Berichte und Kritik: Westeuropa und das Osmanische Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit.” Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 42 (2015): 251–83, 276.
  • Mcenaney, L. “Personal, Political, and International: A Reflection on Diplomacy and Methodology.” Diplomatic History 36, no. 4 (2012): 769–72.
  • Minaoglou, Charalampos. “Harassing the Enemy’s Diplomats: The Embassy of Azmi Effendi Travelling through the Austrian-Occupied Balkans and Habsburg Lands during the Austro-Ottoman War (1787-1791).” In Forschungswerkstatt: Die Habs- burgermonarchie im 18. Jahrhundert = Research Workshop: The Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century, eds. Gunda Barth-Scalmani,Joachim Bürgschwentner, Matthias König, Christian Steppan, Bochum: Dieter Winkler, 2012, 15–26.
  • Naff, Thomas. “Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 83, no. 3 (1963): 295–315.
  • Neumann, Iver B. “Sustainability and Transformation in Diplomatic Culture: The Case of Eurocentrism.” In Sustainable Diplomacies, edited by Costas M. Constantinou and James. Der Derian, Basingstoke: New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 128–50.
  • Karamuk, Gümeç . Ahmed Azmi Efendis Gesandschaftsbericht als Zeugnis des osmanischen Machtverfalls und der beginnenden Reformära unter Selim III. Bern: Herbert Lang, 1975.
  • Keuck, Thekla. Hofjuden und Kulturbürger: Die Geschichte der Familie Itzig in Berlin. Göt- tingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011.
  • Rothman, E. Natalie. Brokering Empire: Trans-imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2012.
  • Rudolph, Harriet. “Diplomatiekosten als Transaktionskosten? Ein Forschungsansatz zur vergleichenden Analyse der Finanzierung außenpolitischer Kommunikation,” In Politische Kommunikation zwischen Imperien, eds. Gunda Barth-Scalmani, Christian Steppan, Harriet Rudolph, Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2013, 69–86.
  • Rudolph, Harriet. “Ökonomische Grundlagen der habsburgisch-osmanischen Diplomatie im 16. und beginnenden 17. Jahrhundert. Ein Problemaufriss” In Frieden und Konf- liktmanagement in interkulturellen Räumen: Das Osmanische Reich in Europa (16.–18. Jahrhundert) eds. Arno Strohmeyer, Norbert Spannenberger, Stuttgart: Steiner 2013, 239–263.
  • Schmiede, H. Achmed. “Vor 190 Jahren ... Tod des türkischen Botschafters Ali Aziz Efendi,” Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins 84/4 (1988), 102–107.
  • Schmiede, H. Achmed. Osmanlı ve Prusya Kaynaklarına Göre Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi’nin Berlin Sefareti, Istanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırma Vakfı [1990].
  • Watkins, John. “Toward a New Diplomatic History of Medieval and Early Modern Eu- rope.” Journal of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 38, no. 1 (2008): 1–14.
  • Yurdusev, A. Nuri. (ed.) Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  • Volz, Gustav B. “Eine türkische Gesandtschaft am Hofe Friedrichs des Großen im Winter 1763/64.” Hohenzollern-Jahrbuch 11 (1907): 17–54.
  • Windler, Christian. La Diplomatie Comme Expérience de L’autre: Consuls Français Au Maghreb (1700-1840). Genève: Droz, 2002.
  • Yalçınkaya, Mehmet Alaaddin. The First Permanent Ottoman Embassy in Europe: The Em- bassy of Yusuf Agâh Efendi in London. Istanbul: Isis, 2010.

Diplomatların Borçları: Onsekizinci Yüzyılın Sonunda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Prusya Arasındaki Uluslararası Mali İhtilâflar

Year 2016, , 399 - 416, 27.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.632239

Abstract

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Avrupa Devletler Sistemi arasındaki artan temaslar

neticesinde, Osmanlı Devleti, Prusya’ya 1763 ve 1806 yılları arasındaki iki orta elçi, bir

büyükelçi ve dört maslahatgüzar yolladı. Osmanlı diplomatlarının Berlin’deki görevleri

boyunca ortaya çıkan yolculuk, konaklama, tayinat ve harçlık gibi masrafları ilk başta

ev sahibi ülke karşıladı. Ancak, 1798’de Berlin’e ilk daimi Osmanlı büyükelçisinin gön-

derilmesinin ardından, Prusyalılar diplomatların finansal sorumluluğunu reddetmeye

başladı. Bu karar, diplomatlar ve hükümetler arasındaki karşılaşmaları yoğunlaştırdı ve

Osmanlı diplomasisinin artan bir şekilde profesyonelleşmesiyle sonuçlandı. Değişen

tahsisat uygulamalarının sonucunda, artık yabancı başkentlerin günlük yaşamına daha

çok katılmak zorunda olan Osmanlı diplomatları, maaşlarını almak ve başkentlerdeki

ikametlerini organize etmek için yeni kanallar bulmak zorunda kaldılar. Hem Osmanlı,

hem de Prusya kaynaklarını kullanan bu makale, uluslararası bankalar gibi resmi

kuruluşların ortaya çıkmasından önceki uluslararası tahsisat uygulama ve ağlarını

tekrardan inşa etmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. “A New Diplomatic History and the Networks of Spanish Di- plomacy in the Baroque Era.” The International History Review (2013): 1–16.
  • Frigo, Daniela. “Prudence and Experience: Ambassadors and Political Culture in Early Modern Italy.” Journal of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 38, no. 1 (2008), 15–3.
  • Gelder, Maartje v., and Tijana Krstić. Introduction: Cross-Confessional Diplomacy and Diplomatic Intermediaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Journal of Early Modern History 19 (2015): 93–105.
  • Ghobrial, John-Paul A. The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Hurewitz, Jacob C. “The Europeanization of Ottoman Diplomacy: The Conversion from Unilateralism to Reciprocity in the Nineteenth Century.” Belleten 25, no. 99 (1961): 455–66.
  • Kühnel, Florian. “Berichte und Kritik: Westeuropa und das Osmanische Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit.” Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 42 (2015): 251–83, 276.
  • Mcenaney, L. “Personal, Political, and International: A Reflection on Diplomacy and Methodology.” Diplomatic History 36, no. 4 (2012): 769–72.
  • Minaoglou, Charalampos. “Harassing the Enemy’s Diplomats: The Embassy of Azmi Effendi Travelling through the Austrian-Occupied Balkans and Habsburg Lands during the Austro-Ottoman War (1787-1791).” In Forschungswerkstatt: Die Habs- burgermonarchie im 18. Jahrhundert = Research Workshop: The Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century, eds. Gunda Barth-Scalmani,Joachim Bürgschwentner, Matthias König, Christian Steppan, Bochum: Dieter Winkler, 2012, 15–26.
  • Naff, Thomas. “Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 83, no. 3 (1963): 295–315.
  • Neumann, Iver B. “Sustainability and Transformation in Diplomatic Culture: The Case of Eurocentrism.” In Sustainable Diplomacies, edited by Costas M. Constantinou and James. Der Derian, Basingstoke: New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 128–50.
  • Karamuk, Gümeç . Ahmed Azmi Efendis Gesandschaftsbericht als Zeugnis des osmanischen Machtverfalls und der beginnenden Reformära unter Selim III. Bern: Herbert Lang, 1975.
  • Keuck, Thekla. Hofjuden und Kulturbürger: Die Geschichte der Familie Itzig in Berlin. Göt- tingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011.
  • Rothman, E. Natalie. Brokering Empire: Trans-imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2012.
  • Rudolph, Harriet. “Diplomatiekosten als Transaktionskosten? Ein Forschungsansatz zur vergleichenden Analyse der Finanzierung außenpolitischer Kommunikation,” In Politische Kommunikation zwischen Imperien, eds. Gunda Barth-Scalmani, Christian Steppan, Harriet Rudolph, Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2013, 69–86.
  • Rudolph, Harriet. “Ökonomische Grundlagen der habsburgisch-osmanischen Diplomatie im 16. und beginnenden 17. Jahrhundert. Ein Problemaufriss” In Frieden und Konf- liktmanagement in interkulturellen Räumen: Das Osmanische Reich in Europa (16.–18. Jahrhundert) eds. Arno Strohmeyer, Norbert Spannenberger, Stuttgart: Steiner 2013, 239–263.
  • Schmiede, H. Achmed. “Vor 190 Jahren ... Tod des türkischen Botschafters Ali Aziz Efendi,” Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins 84/4 (1988), 102–107.
  • Schmiede, H. Achmed. Osmanlı ve Prusya Kaynaklarına Göre Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi’nin Berlin Sefareti, Istanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırma Vakfı [1990].
  • Watkins, John. “Toward a New Diplomatic History of Medieval and Early Modern Eu- rope.” Journal of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 38, no. 1 (2008): 1–14.
  • Yurdusev, A. Nuri. (ed.) Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  • Volz, Gustav B. “Eine türkische Gesandtschaft am Hofe Friedrichs des Großen im Winter 1763/64.” Hohenzollern-Jahrbuch 11 (1907): 17–54.
  • Windler, Christian. La Diplomatie Comme Expérience de L’autre: Consuls Français Au Maghreb (1700-1840). Genève: Droz, 2002.
  • Yalçınkaya, Mehmet Alaaddin. The First Permanent Ottoman Embassy in Europe: The Em- bassy of Yusuf Agâh Efendi in London. Istanbul: Isis, 2010.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İrena Fliter This is me

Publication Date July 27, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

APA Fliter, İ. (2016). The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 48(48), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.632239
AMA Fliter İ. The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century. OA. July 2016;48(48):399-416. doi:10.18589/oa.632239
Chicago Fliter, İrena. “The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes Between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the End of the Eighteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 48, no. 48 (July 2016): 399-416. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.632239.
EndNote Fliter İ (July 1, 2016) The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 48 48 399–416.
IEEE İ. Fliter, “The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century”, OA, vol. 48, no. 48, pp. 399–416, 2016, doi: 10.18589/oa.632239.
ISNAD Fliter, İrena. “The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes Between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the End of the Eighteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 48/48 (July 2016), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.632239.
JAMA Fliter İ. The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century. OA. 2016;48:399–416.
MLA Fliter, İrena. “The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes Between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the End of the Eighteenth Century”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, vol. 48, no. 48, 2016, pp. 399-16, doi:10.18589/oa.632239.
Vancouver Fliter İ. The Diplomats’ Debts: International Financial Disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia at the end of the Eighteenth Century. OA. 2016;48(48):399-416.