Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Reed/Reed Bed in Ancient Mesopotamian Mythology and the Use of Reed in Religious-Magical Rituals

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 539 - 555, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1144993

Abstract

When the Sumerians first came to southern Mesopotamia, or lower Mesopotamia, in the 5th millennium BC, this region was mainly composed of marshes and reeds, known as marsh plants. Before the Sumerians dried the marshy areas with special techniques and turned them into agricultural lands and established large cities in the region, they lived in reed huts they built using special techniques from reeds on the islets in the marshy areas, consumed the nutrients offered by the reed beds, and they made many things that they use in daily life from reed. This vital importance of the reed beds and reeds in the early Sumerian life caused them to become inevitable objects of mythology, proverbs, literary texts and religious-magical rituals in the later processes, and this situation also affected all other Mesopotamian cultures, the basis of which was the Sumerian culture. Although there are many studies on the importance of the reeds and reed beds in early Sumerian life and its place in Sumerian literature and mythology, as well as its usage in religious and magical rituals, there is no study that deals with these two components in all their aspects. The aim of this article is to indicate the importance of reed beds and reed in early Sumerian life, and as a result of this, to examine the meaning attributed to them in mythology and how they were used in religious and magical rituals.

References

  • ABUSCH, T. - SCHWEMER, D., 2011, “Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals Volume One”, Ancient Magic and Divination, 8/1, Eds.: Tzvi Abusch, Ann K. Guinan, Nils P. Heeßel, Francesca Rochberg, Frans A.M. Wiggermann Brill, Leiden. Boston.
  • AMBOS, C., 2013. “Rites of Passage in Ancient Mesopotamia: Changing Status by Moving Through Space. Bīt Rimki and the Ritual of The Substitute King”, Approaching Rituals in Ancient Cultures, Ed.: Claus Ambos, Lorenzo Verderame, Alla Rivista Degli Studi Orientali Nuova Series, Volume LXXXVI, Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa Roma, pp. 17-39.
  • ASTOUR, M.C., 1968. “Two Ugaritic Serpent Charms”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 27/1 pp. 13-36.
  • AY, Ş., 2013. Mis pi” - “Pīt pi” Ritüelleri ve Eski Mezopotmaya’da İnsan Tanrı İlişkisi”, Journal of History Scchool (JOHS), Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 1-21.
  • BALOGH, A., 2020. “The Mesopotamian Mīs Pȋ Ceremony”, Clifford Geertz’s Thick Description Principles for Studying the Cultural Webs of the Deceased, Chances and Problems of Cultural Anthropological Perspectives in Ancient Studies, Eds.: Daniel Fallmann, Fabian Heil, Gioele Zisa, DWJ (Distant Worlds Journal ), 4, pp. 5-19.
  • BIGGS, R. D., 1967. ŠÀ.ZI.GA Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations, Text from Cuneiform Sources, J. J. Augustin, Publisher, Locust Valley, Newyork.
  • BLACK, J., GREEN, A., 2004. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, London.
  • BOTTERO, J., 2012., Mezopotamya: Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar, Çev.: Mehmet Emin Özcan, Ayten Er, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • BRAUN-HOLZINGER, E., 1999. “Apotropaic Figures at Mesopotamian Temples”, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Eds.: Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, pp. 149-172.
  • CAPLICE, R., 1967. “Namburbi Texts in the British Museum. III”, Orientalia, 36/3, pp. 273-298.
  • CUNNINGHAM, G., 1997. Deliver Me from Evil, Mesopotamian incantations 2500-1500 B.C., Edit Ce Pontificio Istituta Biblico, Roma.
  • ÇEÇEN, S. – GÖKÇEK, L.G. vd., 2020. “Marqasi’den Namburbi Ritüeline Ait Bir Tablet: Nisan Ayında Görülen Yılanın Uğursuzluğu”, Archivum Anatolicum, 14/2, s. 157-175.
  • DE KLERK, P. - JOOSTEN H., 2019. “How Ancient Cultures Perceived Mires and Wetlands (3000 BCE – 500 CE): an Introduction”, IMCG Bulletin, 04, pp. 4-15.
  • DICK, M.B., 1999. The Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Mesopotamian mis pî Ritual, Born in Heaven Made on Earth, Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • FARBER W., 1995. “Witchcraft, Magic, and Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume III, Ed.: Jack M. Sasson, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Macmillan Library Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan New Yorks, pp. 1895-1909.
  • FARBER, G., 1984. “Another Old Babylonian Childbirth Incantation”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43/4, pp. 311-316.
  • FOXVOG, D. A., 2011. Elementary Sumerian Glossary, University of California at Berkeley, Guerneville, California USA.
  • HOFFMAN, C., 2004. “Dumuzi’s Dream: Dream Analysis in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Dreaming, 14/4, pp. 240–251.
  • KELLEY, K., 2021. “More Than a Woman? On Proto-cuneiform SAL and the Archaic Tribute List”, Current Research in Early Mesopotamian Studies Workshop Organized at the 65th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris 2019, Ed.: Armando Bramanti at al., Zaphon Münster, pp. 9-44.
  • KHURT, A., 2009. Eskiçağda Yakındoğu I. Cilt, Çev.: Dilek Şendil, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • KLECKOWSKA, K., 2012. “Copmarative Analysis of the Motif of Reed in the Mesopotamian Myth of Flood and the Greek Myth of King Midas”, Ex Nihilo, 2/8, pp. 93-108.
  • KRAMER, S. N., 2002. Sümerler, Çev.: Özcan Buze, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • KRAMER, S.N., 2001. Sümer Mitolojisi, Çev.: Hamide Koyukan, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • MANDACI, E., 2016. “Arkeolojik Ve Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Eski Mezopotamya Toplumlarında Büyü Ve Büyücülük”, Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 8, Sayı 16, s. 217-232.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, K. R., 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood Press, London.
  • SCURLOCK, J., 2006. Magico-Medical Means Of Treating Ghost-Induced Illnesses in Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Magic and Divination III, BRILL STYX, Leiden, Boston.
  • SCURLOCK, J.A., 1988. “KAR 267 // BMS 53: A Ghostly Light on bīt rimki?”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108/2, pp. 203-209.
  • SCURLOCK, J.A., 1991. “Baby-Snatching Demons, Restless Souls and the Dangers of Chidbirth: Medico-Magical Means of Dealing With Some of the Perils of Motherhood in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Incognita, 2, pp. 137-185.
  • UBAID, A. H., 2021. “Complexity as a Mechanism to Reconstruct the Urban Pattern of The Iraqi Marshes in the Ancient City of Ur and Marsh Villages”, Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 9/2, pp.341-361.
  • DOBLE, R., 2021.”Mesopotamian Ancient Basket Weaving Technology and the Sumerian Reed Industry” Deconstructing Time http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html
  • HEIDEL, A., The Babylonian Genesis, Second Edition, The University of Chicago Press, 2009. (https://www.britannica.com/art/basketry)
  • The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab11.htm

Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 539 - 555, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1144993

Abstract

Sumer halkı, MÖ 5. binyılda Güney Mezopotamya ya da diğer adıyla Aşağı Mezopotamya’ya ilk geldiğinde bu bölge ağırlıklı olarak bataklıklardan ve bataklık bitkisi olarak bilinen kamışların yetiştiği sazlık alanlardan oluşmaktaydı. Sumerler, bataklık alanları özel tekniklerle kurutup tarım arazilerine çevirmeden ve bölgede büyük kentler kurmadan önce, bataklık alanlarda bulunan adacıklar üzerine, kamıştan özel teknikler kullanarak yaptıkları kulübelerde ikamet etmiş, sazlık alanların kendilerine sunduğu besinleri tüketmiş ve gündelik hayatta kullandıkları birçok şeyi kamıştan yapmışlardır. Sazlık alanların ve kamış bitkisinin, erken Sumer yaşantısındaki bu hayati önemi, onların sonraki süreçlerde, mitolojinin, atasözlerinin, edebi metinlerin ve de dinsel ve büyüsel ritüellerin birer objesi haline gelmesine yol açmış ve bu durum temelini Sumer kültürünün oluşturduğu diğer tüm Mezopotamya kültürlerini de etkilemiştir. Kamış bitkisinin ve sazlık alanların erken Sumer yaşantısındaki önemine, Mezopotamya edebiyatındaki ve mitolojisindeki yerine ve dinsel ve büyüsel ritüellerdeki kullanımına dair çok sayıda müstakil ya da bu öğeleri birkaç yönüyle ele alan çalışma bulunmasına rağmen bu iki unsuru belirttiğimiz tüm yönleriyle inceleyen bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı; sazlık ve kamışın erken Sumer yaşantısındaki önemini belirtip bunun bir sonucu olarak bu iki unsura mitolojide yüklenen anlamı ve kamışın dinsel ve büyüsel ritüellerde nasıl kullanıldıklarını bir arada incelemektir.

References

  • ABUSCH, T. - SCHWEMER, D., 2011, “Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals Volume One”, Ancient Magic and Divination, 8/1, Eds.: Tzvi Abusch, Ann K. Guinan, Nils P. Heeßel, Francesca Rochberg, Frans A.M. Wiggermann Brill, Leiden. Boston.
  • AMBOS, C., 2013. “Rites of Passage in Ancient Mesopotamia: Changing Status by Moving Through Space. Bīt Rimki and the Ritual of The Substitute King”, Approaching Rituals in Ancient Cultures, Ed.: Claus Ambos, Lorenzo Verderame, Alla Rivista Degli Studi Orientali Nuova Series, Volume LXXXVI, Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa Roma, pp. 17-39.
  • ASTOUR, M.C., 1968. “Two Ugaritic Serpent Charms”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 27/1 pp. 13-36.
  • AY, Ş., 2013. Mis pi” - “Pīt pi” Ritüelleri ve Eski Mezopotmaya’da İnsan Tanrı İlişkisi”, Journal of History Scchool (JOHS), Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 1-21.
  • BALOGH, A., 2020. “The Mesopotamian Mīs Pȋ Ceremony”, Clifford Geertz’s Thick Description Principles for Studying the Cultural Webs of the Deceased, Chances and Problems of Cultural Anthropological Perspectives in Ancient Studies, Eds.: Daniel Fallmann, Fabian Heil, Gioele Zisa, DWJ (Distant Worlds Journal ), 4, pp. 5-19.
  • BIGGS, R. D., 1967. ŠÀ.ZI.GA Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations, Text from Cuneiform Sources, J. J. Augustin, Publisher, Locust Valley, Newyork.
  • BLACK, J., GREEN, A., 2004. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, London.
  • BOTTERO, J., 2012., Mezopotamya: Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar, Çev.: Mehmet Emin Özcan, Ayten Er, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • BRAUN-HOLZINGER, E., 1999. “Apotropaic Figures at Mesopotamian Temples”, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Eds.: Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, pp. 149-172.
  • CAPLICE, R., 1967. “Namburbi Texts in the British Museum. III”, Orientalia, 36/3, pp. 273-298.
  • CUNNINGHAM, G., 1997. Deliver Me from Evil, Mesopotamian incantations 2500-1500 B.C., Edit Ce Pontificio Istituta Biblico, Roma.
  • ÇEÇEN, S. – GÖKÇEK, L.G. vd., 2020. “Marqasi’den Namburbi Ritüeline Ait Bir Tablet: Nisan Ayında Görülen Yılanın Uğursuzluğu”, Archivum Anatolicum, 14/2, s. 157-175.
  • DE KLERK, P. - JOOSTEN H., 2019. “How Ancient Cultures Perceived Mires and Wetlands (3000 BCE – 500 CE): an Introduction”, IMCG Bulletin, 04, pp. 4-15.
  • DICK, M.B., 1999. The Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Mesopotamian mis pî Ritual, Born in Heaven Made on Earth, Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana.
  • FARBER W., 1995. “Witchcraft, Magic, and Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume III, Ed.: Jack M. Sasson, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Macmillan Library Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan New Yorks, pp. 1895-1909.
  • FARBER, G., 1984. “Another Old Babylonian Childbirth Incantation”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43/4, pp. 311-316.
  • FOXVOG, D. A., 2011. Elementary Sumerian Glossary, University of California at Berkeley, Guerneville, California USA.
  • HOFFMAN, C., 2004. “Dumuzi’s Dream: Dream Analysis in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Dreaming, 14/4, pp. 240–251.
  • KELLEY, K., 2021. “More Than a Woman? On Proto-cuneiform SAL and the Archaic Tribute List”, Current Research in Early Mesopotamian Studies Workshop Organized at the 65th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris 2019, Ed.: Armando Bramanti at al., Zaphon Münster, pp. 9-44.
  • KHURT, A., 2009. Eskiçağda Yakındoğu I. Cilt, Çev.: Dilek Şendil, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • KLECKOWSKA, K., 2012. “Copmarative Analysis of the Motif of Reed in the Mesopotamian Myth of Flood and the Greek Myth of King Midas”, Ex Nihilo, 2/8, pp. 93-108.
  • KRAMER, S. N., 2002. Sümerler, Çev.: Özcan Buze, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • KRAMER, S.N., 2001. Sümer Mitolojisi, Çev.: Hamide Koyukan, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • MANDACI, E., 2016. “Arkeolojik Ve Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Eski Mezopotamya Toplumlarında Büyü Ve Büyücülük”, Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 8, Sayı 16, s. 217-232.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, K. R., 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood Press, London.
  • SCURLOCK, J., 2006. Magico-Medical Means Of Treating Ghost-Induced Illnesses in Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Magic and Divination III, BRILL STYX, Leiden, Boston.
  • SCURLOCK, J.A., 1988. “KAR 267 // BMS 53: A Ghostly Light on bīt rimki?”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108/2, pp. 203-209.
  • SCURLOCK, J.A., 1991. “Baby-Snatching Demons, Restless Souls and the Dangers of Chidbirth: Medico-Magical Means of Dealing With Some of the Perils of Motherhood in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Incognita, 2, pp. 137-185.
  • UBAID, A. H., 2021. “Complexity as a Mechanism to Reconstruct the Urban Pattern of The Iraqi Marshes in the Ancient City of Ur and Marsh Villages”, Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 9/2, pp.341-361.
  • DOBLE, R., 2021.”Mesopotamian Ancient Basket Weaving Technology and the Sumerian Reed Industry” Deconstructing Time http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html
  • HEIDEL, A., The Babylonian Genesis, Second Edition, The University of Chicago Press, 2009. (https://www.britannica.com/art/basketry)
  • The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab11.htm
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdulgani Kaçar 0000-0001-8745-4758

Early Pub Date September 17, 2022
Publication Date September 20, 2022
Submission Date July 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaçar, A. (2022). Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 4(2), 539-555. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1144993
AMA Kaçar A. Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı. OANNES. September 2022;4(2):539-555. doi:10.33469/oannes.1144993
Chicago Kaçar, Abdulgani. “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık Ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4, no. 2 (September 2022): 539-55. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1144993.
EndNote Kaçar A (September 1, 2022) Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4 2 539–555.
IEEE A. Kaçar, “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı”, OANNES, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 539–555, 2022, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1144993.
ISNAD Kaçar, Abdulgani. “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık Ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 4/2 (September 2022), 539-555. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1144993.
JAMA Kaçar A. Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı. OANNES. 2022;4:539–555.
MLA Kaçar, Abdulgani. “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık Ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 4, no. 2, 2022, pp. 539-55, doi:10.33469/oannes.1144993.
Vancouver Kaçar A. Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde Kamış/Sazlık ve Kamışın Dinsel-Büyüsel Ritüellerde Kullanımı. OANNES. 2022;4(2):539-55.

21585     24714

OANNES Journal is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. (CC BY NC)

Only publications in the fields of Ancient History, Archeology and Ancient Languages and Cultures are accepted in OANNES Journal. Publications sent from other fields are not taken into consideration.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr