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Vergi harcaması kavramının kökenleri üzerine

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 709 - 723, 01.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.706721

Abstract

Vergi harcaması, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) kökenli bir kavramdır. Vergi harcamasının tanımına, ölçülmesine, raporlanmasına dair pek çok çalışma olmasına rağmen, kuramsal/teorik yerine dair boşluk dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Foucault’nun ‘Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu: College de France Dersleri 1978-1979’ eserinden hareketle, vergi harcaması kavramının neden ABD kökenli olduğu sorusunu farklı neoliberal yönetimsellik biçimlerini ele alarak incelemiştir. Bu bağlamda ilk bölümde Foucault’nun farklı neoliberal yönetimsellikler olarak adlandırdığı ABD anarko-liberalizmi, Alman ordoliberalizmi ve Fransa liberalizmi arasındaki farklılıklar ele alınarak anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Anarko-liberalizmi diğer neoliberal yönetimselliklerden ayıran en önemli özelliğin toplumsal hayatın piyasalaştırılmaya çalışılması olduğu ortaya konarak, bu yaklaşımın kamu maliyesine yansımasının kamusal faaliyetlerin arz ve talep kanunlarına göre fayda-maliyet çerçevesinde belirlenmesi olduğu belirtilmiştir. Çalışmanın vurgu yapmaya çalıştığı önemli bir nokta neoliberal yönetimsellik biçimlerinin Keynesyen dönemde kök salmış olmasıdır. Bu çerçeveden hareketle çalışma vergi harcamalarının da 1960’lıların sonu ile 1970’lilerin başında bütçe açıklarını azalmak, kamu maliyesini fayda-maliyet analizine göre yönetmenin bir aracı olduğu tezini işlemek için ikinci bölümde vergi harcamasının tarihsel gelişmesini günümüze kadar anlatmaya çalışmıştır. Sonuç bölümümde ise neoliberal yönetimsellik biçimlerinde farklılıkların ülkelerdeki kamu maliyesi uygulamalarına nasıl yansıdığı, vergi harcaması kavramının kökeninin ABD kaynaklı olmasının anarko-liberalizminin devlet anlayışındaki farklılık olduğu ve kavramının anarko-liberalizm ile ilişkileri ortaya konmuştur.

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2019 Bahar Dönemi, Maliye Doktora Programında Doç. Dr. Ceyhun Gürkan tarafından verilen Maliyenin Sosyal Teorisi dersinden ilham alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Tüm hatalar ve eksikler bize ait olmak üzere çalışmaya ilham veren Ceyhun Gürkan’a teşekkürü borç biliriz. Foucault’dan hareketle kamu maliyesine dair çalışmalar için bknz. Gürkan (2016, 2018).

References

  • Ağdemir, Z. (2017). Vergi, Sınıf ve İsyan: 16.-18.yüzyıllarda İngiltere, Fransa ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Vergi İsyanları. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Britannica (2020). Great Society. Retrieved February 15 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Society
  • Congressional Quarterly (2008). Guide to Congress. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics Lectures at the Collége de France, 1978-1979, (Çev: Graham Burchell). Chippenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Foucault, M. (2015). Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu College de France Dersleri 1978-1979. (Çev: Alican Tayla). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Garrett, P.M. (2019). Revisiting the Birth of Biopolitics: Foucault’s Account of Neoliberalism and the Remarking of Social Policy. Journal of Social Policy, 48, 3, 469-487.
  • Gürkan, C. (2016). Foucault'da Neoliberal Yönetimselliğin Tarihsel Boşlukları: Erken Neoklasik İktisat ve Kamusal Seçim Teorisi. Felsefelogos, 63, 87-106.
  • Gürkan, C. (2018). Foucault, Public Finance, and Neoliberal Governmentality: A Critical Sociological Analysis. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 25, 3, 677-694.
  • IMF (2004). Manual on Fiscal Transparency. Washington: IMF Press.
  • IMF (2007). Manual on Fiscal Transparency. Washington: IMF Press.
  • IMF (2019). Tax Expenditure Reporting and Its Use in Fiscal Management A Guide for Developing Economies, Retrieved February 05 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2019/03/27/Tax-Expenditure-Reporting-and-Its-Use-in-Fiscal-Management-A-Guide-for-Developing-Economies-46676.
  • Kellner, D. & Best S. (2016). Postmodern teori. (Çev: Mehmet Küçük). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Kraan, Dirk-Jan (2004). Off-budget and Tax Expenditures. Retrieved February 15 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/39515114.pdf
  • OECD (2002), OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency, https://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/Best%20Practices%20Budget%20Transparency%20-%20complete%20with%20cover%20page.pdf
  • Özkara, M. (2004). Türk Vergi Sisteminde İstisna ve Muafiyetler. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • United States Congres (2020). Joint Economic Committee. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/about
  • Saraç, Ö. (2010).Vergi Harcamaları ve İktisadi Etkileri. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 262-267.
  • Surrey, S. (1973). Pathways to Tax Reform, The Concept of Tax Expenditures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Surrey, S.& Daniel M. (1976). The Tax Expenditure Concept and the Budget Reform Act of 1974. Boston College Law Review, 17, 5, 679-737.
  • Swift, L.Z., Hana, P. B. & Valenduc C. (2004). Tax Expenditures: General Concept, Measurement and Overview of Country Practices. Ed. H.P. Brixi, Valenduc CMA & Swift, L.Z, Shedding Light on Government içinde(1-17) World Bank Press.
  • The Joint Comittee of Taxation (1972). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure Retrieved. January 3 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4457
  • The Joint Comittee on Taxation (2020). Overwiev. Retrieved January 7 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/about-us/overview.html
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1979). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web:https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4442
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1980). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure. Retrieved January 16 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4445
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1987). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure for 1988-1992. Retrieved January 20 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web:https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4456
  • Ways and Means Committee (2020). Committee History. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://waysandmeans.house.gov/about/committee-history
  • World Bank (2003). Why worry about tax expenditures? Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote77.pdf

On the origin of the concept of tax expenditure

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 709 - 723, 01.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.706721

Abstract

Tax expenditure is a concept originating in the United States (USA). Although there are many studies on the definition, measurement, and reporting of tax expenditures, the gap regarding the theoretical place draws attention. This study examines the question of why the concept of tax expenditure originated in the United States, based on Foucault's 'Birth of Biopolitics: College de France Lessons 1978-1979', taking into account different forms of the neoliberal governmentality. In this context, in the first chapter, it is tried to be understood the differences between neoliberal governmentalities. It has been stated that the most important feature that distinguishes anarcho-liberalism from other neoliberal governmentalities is the marketization of the social life, and anarcho-liberal public finance perspective is determined within the scope of benefit-cost according to the laws of supply and demand. An important point that the study tries to emphasize is that neoliberal forms of governance take root in the Keynesian period. In the second chapter, the historical development of tax expenditures until today is explained to emphasize that the concept of tax expenditure originated in the 1960s and 1970s and it is a tool of managing public finance according to the cost-benefit analysis. In the conclusion, how the differences in the forms of neoliberal governance are reflected in the public finance practices in the countries, the origin of the concept of tax expenditure is the origin of the USA and the relation between the concept of anarcho-liberalism, and anarcho-liberalism.

References

  • Ağdemir, Z. (2017). Vergi, Sınıf ve İsyan: 16.-18.yüzyıllarda İngiltere, Fransa ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Vergi İsyanları. Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Britannica (2020). Great Society. Retrieved February 15 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Society
  • Congressional Quarterly (2008). Guide to Congress. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics Lectures at the Collége de France, 1978-1979, (Çev: Graham Burchell). Chippenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Foucault, M. (2015). Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu College de France Dersleri 1978-1979. (Çev: Alican Tayla). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Garrett, P.M. (2019). Revisiting the Birth of Biopolitics: Foucault’s Account of Neoliberalism and the Remarking of Social Policy. Journal of Social Policy, 48, 3, 469-487.
  • Gürkan, C. (2016). Foucault'da Neoliberal Yönetimselliğin Tarihsel Boşlukları: Erken Neoklasik İktisat ve Kamusal Seçim Teorisi. Felsefelogos, 63, 87-106.
  • Gürkan, C. (2018). Foucault, Public Finance, and Neoliberal Governmentality: A Critical Sociological Analysis. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 25, 3, 677-694.
  • IMF (2004). Manual on Fiscal Transparency. Washington: IMF Press.
  • IMF (2007). Manual on Fiscal Transparency. Washington: IMF Press.
  • IMF (2019). Tax Expenditure Reporting and Its Use in Fiscal Management A Guide for Developing Economies, Retrieved February 05 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2019/03/27/Tax-Expenditure-Reporting-and-Its-Use-in-Fiscal-Management-A-Guide-for-Developing-Economies-46676.
  • Kellner, D. & Best S. (2016). Postmodern teori. (Çev: Mehmet Küçük). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Kraan, Dirk-Jan (2004). Off-budget and Tax Expenditures. Retrieved February 15 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/39515114.pdf
  • OECD (2002), OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency, https://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/Best%20Practices%20Budget%20Transparency%20-%20complete%20with%20cover%20page.pdf
  • Özkara, M. (2004). Türk Vergi Sisteminde İstisna ve Muafiyetler. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • United States Congres (2020). Joint Economic Committee. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/about
  • Saraç, Ö. (2010).Vergi Harcamaları ve İktisadi Etkileri. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 262-267.
  • Surrey, S. (1973). Pathways to Tax Reform, The Concept of Tax Expenditures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Surrey, S.& Daniel M. (1976). The Tax Expenditure Concept and the Budget Reform Act of 1974. Boston College Law Review, 17, 5, 679-737.
  • Swift, L.Z., Hana, P. B. & Valenduc C. (2004). Tax Expenditures: General Concept, Measurement and Overview of Country Practices. Ed. H.P. Brixi, Valenduc CMA & Swift, L.Z, Shedding Light on Government içinde(1-17) World Bank Press.
  • The Joint Comittee of Taxation (1972). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure Retrieved. January 3 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4457
  • The Joint Comittee on Taxation (2020). Overwiev. Retrieved January 7 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/about-us/overview.html
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1979). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web:https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4442
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1980). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure. Retrieved January 16 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4445
  • The Joint Committee of Taxation (1987). Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditure for 1988-1992. Retrieved January 20 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web:https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=4456
  • Ways and Means Committee (2020). Committee History. Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: https://waysandmeans.house.gov/about/committee-history
  • World Bank (2003). Why worry about tax expenditures? Retrieved January 5 2020 (de indirildi) from World Wide Web: http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote77.pdf
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Ağdemir

Deniz Abukan 0000-0001-9387-1873

Publication Date October 1, 2020
Submission Date March 20, 2020
Acceptance Date July 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ağdemir, Z., & Abukan, D. (2020). Vergi harcaması kavramının kökenleri üzerine. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 709-723. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.706721

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