Research Article
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Use of Non-Work Time in the Context of Gender: A Sociological Assessment on Public Employees

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 15, 1218 - 1240, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.440876

Abstract

How time is
used non-working hours among individuals by genders is the topic of this study.
The purpose of the study is to determine the gender effect on the time used in
off working time. From the gender perspective, domestic labor of women has been
evaluated with respect to time devoted to child care and household chores in
order to study the time use in off working time. The sample of the study is
comprised of public sector workers from middle and high level. Survey technique
has been used to collect data. The outcome of the study has indicated that
there exists a more equalitarian cooperation among women and men about sparing
time for some activities. As the results, it was determined that women spare
more time on some off-work time activities (such as personal care, going to
movie and theatre) comparing to men. It was also determined that
responsibilities for some off-work activities (such as child care and
education) were shared by women and men who both spare time. While some house
chores (such as cooking and cleaning) are mainly done by women, it was seen
that some other activities (such as bill paying, and repairing) were mainly
done by men. Some other activities (such as budgeting and shopping) seemed to
be shared by women and men.

References

  • Adam, B. (2013). Time and social theory. John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Aguirre, R., ve Ferrari, F. (2013). Surveys on time use and unpaid work in Latin America and the Caribbean: experience to date and challenges for the future. Santiago: Gender Affairs Series United Nations Publi-cations.
  • Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, (2011). Aile yapısı araştırması. Ankara: Afşaroğlu Matbası.
  • Arndt, J., Gronmo, S. ve Hawes, D. (1981). The use of time as an expression of life-style: A cross- national study, (ed. Jagdish Sheth, Greenwich) in Research in Marketing. 5, 1-28.
  • Başak, S., Kıngır, S. ve Yaşar, Ş. (2013). Kadının görünmeyen emeği: İkinci vardiya. Anka Kadın Raporları. Sayı, 13-01.
  • Becker, G.S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal. 493-517.
  • Bianchi, S.M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., ve Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces. 79(1), 191-228.
  • Blackden, C.M. ve Wodon, Q. (2005). Gender, time use, and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Working Paper, No. 73. Washington, U.S.A.
  • Blood Jr, R. O. ve Wolfe, D. M. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living. New York: Free Press (Macmillan Co.).
  • CEDAW (2007). Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. In Workshop on Key Gender Issues and Gaps in Bhutan. CEDAW/C/BTN/1-6.
  • Chesley, N., ve Flood, S. (2017). Signs of change? At‐Home and breadwinner parents' housework and child‐care time. Journal of Marriage and Family. 79(2), 511-534.
  • Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Çağatay, N., ve Ertürk, K. (2004). Gender and globalization: A macroeconomic perspective. International Labour Office Working Paper No: 19. International Labour Organization Publications: Switzerland.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. ve Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2013). Türkiye’de aile, iş ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2017 http://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Aile-2012-ISSP-Family-Survey-final.pdf
  • Deem R. (1995). Feminism and leisure studies. (Ed. C. Critcher, P. Bramham, A. Tomlinson,), (in) Sociology of Leisure: A Reader. London: E ve FN Spon. 247-255.
  • Diefenbach, H. (2002). Gender ideologies, relative resources, and the division of housework in intimate relationships: A test of Hyman Rodman's theory of resources in cultural context. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 43(1), 45-64.
  • Eagly, A. H. (2013). Sex differences in social behavior: A socialrole interpretation. Psychology Press.
  • Ecevit, Y. (2011). Türkiye’de kadın emeği konulu çalışmaların feminist tarihçesi. Sancar, S. (der.) (içinde) Birkaç Arpa Boyu.. 21. Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye’de Feminist Çalışmalar. 121-167.
  • Erdil, E., Eruygur, O. ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (2006). Time use in rural areas: A case study in Turkey. Economic Research Centre Working Papers in Economics. 6(02).
  • Fuwa, M. (2004). Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries. American Sociological Review. 69(6), 751-767.
  • Gershuny, J., ve Harms, T. A. (2016). Housework now takes much less time: 85 years of us rural women's time use. Social Forces. 95(2), 503-524.
  • Hill, M. S. (1985). Patterns of time use. (ed. F. Thomas Juster ve Frank P. Stafford). (in) Time, Goods and Well-Being. 133-176.
  • Hochschild, A.,ve Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: working families and the revolution at home. New York: Penguin.
  • Juster, F. T., ve Stafford, F. P. (1991). The allocation of time: Empirical findings, behavioral models, and problems of measurement. Journal of Economic Literature. 471-522.
  • Kan, M.Y. (2008). Measuring housework participation: The gap between ‘stylised’ questionnaire estimates and diary-based estimates. Social Indicators Research. 86(3), 381-400.
  • Lam, C.B., McHale, S. M., ve Crouter, A. C. (2012). The division of household labor: Longitudinal changes and within‐couple variation. Journal of Marriage and Family. 74(5), 944-952.
  • Lewis, J. D., ve Weigert, A. J. (1981). The structures and meanings of social time. Social Forces. 60(2), 432-462.
  • Mattingly, M. J., ve Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The US experience. Social For-ces. 81(3), 999-1030.
  • Medeiros,M., Guerreiro Osório,R., ve Costa, J. (2010). Gender inequalities in allocating time to paid and unpaid work: Evidence from Boliviain. (Ed. Rania Antonopoulos and Indira Hirway) (in)The economy gender. time use and poverty in developing countries., The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Memiş, E., Öneş, U., ve Kızılırmak, B. (2012). Kadınların ev-kadınlaştırılması: Ücretsiz ve karşılıksız emeğin toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bir analizi. (der. S. Dedeoğlu ve A. Y. Elveren). (içinde). Türkiye’de refah devleti ve kadın. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 159-182.
  • Mi-Hye, C. (2006). Gender, leisure and time constraint: Employed men and women’s experience. Development and Society. 35(1), 83-105.
  • Michelson, W. M. (2005). Time use: Expanding explanation in the social sciences. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
  • Moser, C.O. (1989). Gender planning in the third world: Meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development. 17(11), 1799-1825.
  • Nollert, M., ve Gasser, M. (2017). Gender time-use gap and task segregation in unpaid work: Evidence from Switzerland. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 37(3/4), 148-165.
  • OECD, (2011). Balancing paid work, unpaid work and leisure. National Time Use Surveys. (Erişim tarihi:16.06.2017) http://www.-oecd.org/gender/data/balancingpaidworkunpaidworkandleisure.htm
  • OECD, (2014). Time use as a transformative indicator for gender equality in the Post-2015 Agenda. OECD Development Centre.(Erişim tarihi: 16.06.2014) https://oecd.org/dev/poverty/Time%20use%20_final_-2014.pdf
  • Palma, P. A., Gonzalez, C. D., ve Carrasco, S. L. (2009). Gender differences in time use and mobility: Time poverty and dual consumption. Time Use Observatory. Santiago, Chile.
  • Parsons, T. (1967). Sociological theory and modern society. New York: Free Press.
  • Rodman, H. (1970). Eheliche macht und der austausch von ressourcen im kulturellen kontext. (in) Soziologie der Familie, edited by G. Lüschen and E. Lupri. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. 121-143.
  • Saxbe, D.E., Repetti, R. L., ve Graesch, A. P. (2011). Time spent in housework and leisure: Links with parents' physiological recovery from work. Journal of Family Psychology. 25(2), 271-281.
  • Shelton, B.A. (1992). Women, men, and time: Gender a differences in paid work, housework, and leisure. Westport CT: Greenwood.
  • TÜİK, (2008). Zaman kullanım istatistikleri 2006. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Matbaası. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2017) http://www.-tuik.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetayveKT_ID=7veKITAP_ID=1387.
  • Voss, J. (1967). The definition of leisure. Journal of Economic Issues. 1, 91–106. (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2017) http://www.jstor.org-/discover/10.2307/4223818?sid=21105398506211veuid=2veuid=4
  • Walker, J., Berekashvili, N., Lomidze, N. (2014). Valuing time: Time use survey, the capability approach, and gender analysis. Jour-nal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(1), 47-59.

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında İş Dışı Zaman Kullanımı: Kamuda Çalışanlar Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 15, 1218 - 1240, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.440876

Abstract

Bu
araştırmada toplumsal cinsiyet açısından bireylerin iş dışı zaman kullanımları
ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı toplumsal cinsiyetin bireylerin iş dışı
zaman kullanımlarındaki farklılık üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Bu çerçevede
bireylerin iş dışı zaman kullanımlarında öncelikle toplumsal cinsiyet
bağlamında kadının ev içi emeği, çocuk bakımına ayrılan zaman ve ev işlerine
ayrılan zaman kavramlarına yer verilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini kamuda
orta ve üst düzeyde çalışan bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama
tekniği olarak anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre
erkekler ve kadınlar arasında bazı aktivitelere zaman ayırma konusunda daha
eşitlikçi bir iş paylaşımının olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu araştırma sonucunda
kadınların iş dışında gerçekleştirdikleri bazı aktivitelere (kişisel bakım,
sinema, tiyatroya gitme gibi) erkeklerden daha fazla zaman ayırdıkları
bulunmuştur. İş dışındaki bazı aktivitelerin (çocuk bakımı ve eğitimi gibi)
sorumluluğunu ise kadınların ve erkeklerin birlikte paylaşmak için zaman
ayırdıkları saptanmıştır. Ev içi

paylaşımına yönelik bazı aktiviteleri (yemek pişirme, temizlik yapma vb.)
çoğunlukla kadınların, bazı aktiviteleri (fatura ödeme, tamirat ve onarım
işleri gibi) çoğunlukla erkeklerin, bazı aktiviteleri (bütçe planlama ve
alışveriş gibi) ise kadınların ve erkeklerin birlikte yaptıkları ortaya
çıkmıştır.

References

  • Adam, B. (2013). Time and social theory. John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Aguirre, R., ve Ferrari, F. (2013). Surveys on time use and unpaid work in Latin America and the Caribbean: experience to date and challenges for the future. Santiago: Gender Affairs Series United Nations Publi-cations.
  • Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, (2011). Aile yapısı araştırması. Ankara: Afşaroğlu Matbası.
  • Arndt, J., Gronmo, S. ve Hawes, D. (1981). The use of time as an expression of life-style: A cross- national study, (ed. Jagdish Sheth, Greenwich) in Research in Marketing. 5, 1-28.
  • Başak, S., Kıngır, S. ve Yaşar, Ş. (2013). Kadının görünmeyen emeği: İkinci vardiya. Anka Kadın Raporları. Sayı, 13-01.
  • Becker, G.S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal. 493-517.
  • Bianchi, S.M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., ve Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces. 79(1), 191-228.
  • Blackden, C.M. ve Wodon, Q. (2005). Gender, time use, and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Working Paper, No. 73. Washington, U.S.A.
  • Blood Jr, R. O. ve Wolfe, D. M. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living. New York: Free Press (Macmillan Co.).
  • CEDAW (2007). Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. In Workshop on Key Gender Issues and Gaps in Bhutan. CEDAW/C/BTN/1-6.
  • Chesley, N., ve Flood, S. (2017). Signs of change? At‐Home and breadwinner parents' housework and child‐care time. Journal of Marriage and Family. 79(2), 511-534.
  • Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Çağatay, N., ve Ertürk, K. (2004). Gender and globalization: A macroeconomic perspective. International Labour Office Working Paper No: 19. International Labour Organization Publications: Switzerland.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. ve Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2013). Türkiye’de aile, iş ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2017 http://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Aile-2012-ISSP-Family-Survey-final.pdf
  • Deem R. (1995). Feminism and leisure studies. (Ed. C. Critcher, P. Bramham, A. Tomlinson,), (in) Sociology of Leisure: A Reader. London: E ve FN Spon. 247-255.
  • Diefenbach, H. (2002). Gender ideologies, relative resources, and the division of housework in intimate relationships: A test of Hyman Rodman's theory of resources in cultural context. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 43(1), 45-64.
  • Eagly, A. H. (2013). Sex differences in social behavior: A socialrole interpretation. Psychology Press.
  • Ecevit, Y. (2011). Türkiye’de kadın emeği konulu çalışmaların feminist tarihçesi. Sancar, S. (der.) (içinde) Birkaç Arpa Boyu.. 21. Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye’de Feminist Çalışmalar. 121-167.
  • Erdil, E., Eruygur, O. ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (2006). Time use in rural areas: A case study in Turkey. Economic Research Centre Working Papers in Economics. 6(02).
  • Fuwa, M. (2004). Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries. American Sociological Review. 69(6), 751-767.
  • Gershuny, J., ve Harms, T. A. (2016). Housework now takes much less time: 85 years of us rural women's time use. Social Forces. 95(2), 503-524.
  • Hill, M. S. (1985). Patterns of time use. (ed. F. Thomas Juster ve Frank P. Stafford). (in) Time, Goods and Well-Being. 133-176.
  • Hochschild, A.,ve Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: working families and the revolution at home. New York: Penguin.
  • Juster, F. T., ve Stafford, F. P. (1991). The allocation of time: Empirical findings, behavioral models, and problems of measurement. Journal of Economic Literature. 471-522.
  • Kan, M.Y. (2008). Measuring housework participation: The gap between ‘stylised’ questionnaire estimates and diary-based estimates. Social Indicators Research. 86(3), 381-400.
  • Lam, C.B., McHale, S. M., ve Crouter, A. C. (2012). The division of household labor: Longitudinal changes and within‐couple variation. Journal of Marriage and Family. 74(5), 944-952.
  • Lewis, J. D., ve Weigert, A. J. (1981). The structures and meanings of social time. Social Forces. 60(2), 432-462.
  • Mattingly, M. J., ve Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The US experience. Social For-ces. 81(3), 999-1030.
  • Medeiros,M., Guerreiro Osório,R., ve Costa, J. (2010). Gender inequalities in allocating time to paid and unpaid work: Evidence from Boliviain. (Ed. Rania Antonopoulos and Indira Hirway) (in)The economy gender. time use and poverty in developing countries., The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Memiş, E., Öneş, U., ve Kızılırmak, B. (2012). Kadınların ev-kadınlaştırılması: Ücretsiz ve karşılıksız emeğin toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bir analizi. (der. S. Dedeoğlu ve A. Y. Elveren). (içinde). Türkiye’de refah devleti ve kadın. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 159-182.
  • Mi-Hye, C. (2006). Gender, leisure and time constraint: Employed men and women’s experience. Development and Society. 35(1), 83-105.
  • Michelson, W. M. (2005). Time use: Expanding explanation in the social sciences. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
  • Moser, C.O. (1989). Gender planning in the third world: Meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development. 17(11), 1799-1825.
  • Nollert, M., ve Gasser, M. (2017). Gender time-use gap and task segregation in unpaid work: Evidence from Switzerland. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 37(3/4), 148-165.
  • OECD, (2011). Balancing paid work, unpaid work and leisure. National Time Use Surveys. (Erişim tarihi:16.06.2017) http://www.-oecd.org/gender/data/balancingpaidworkunpaidworkandleisure.htm
  • OECD, (2014). Time use as a transformative indicator for gender equality in the Post-2015 Agenda. OECD Development Centre.(Erişim tarihi: 16.06.2014) https://oecd.org/dev/poverty/Time%20use%20_final_-2014.pdf
  • Palma, P. A., Gonzalez, C. D., ve Carrasco, S. L. (2009). Gender differences in time use and mobility: Time poverty and dual consumption. Time Use Observatory. Santiago, Chile.
  • Parsons, T. (1967). Sociological theory and modern society. New York: Free Press.
  • Rodman, H. (1970). Eheliche macht und der austausch von ressourcen im kulturellen kontext. (in) Soziologie der Familie, edited by G. Lüschen and E. Lupri. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. 121-143.
  • Saxbe, D.E., Repetti, R. L., ve Graesch, A. P. (2011). Time spent in housework and leisure: Links with parents' physiological recovery from work. Journal of Family Psychology. 25(2), 271-281.
  • Shelton, B.A. (1992). Women, men, and time: Gender a differences in paid work, housework, and leisure. Westport CT: Greenwood.
  • TÜİK, (2008). Zaman kullanım istatistikleri 2006. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Matbaası. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2017) http://www.-tuik.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetayveKT_ID=7veKITAP_ID=1387.
  • Voss, J. (1967). The definition of leisure. Journal of Economic Issues. 1, 91–106. (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2017) http://www.jstor.org-/discover/10.2307/4223818?sid=21105398506211veuid=2veuid=4
  • Walker, J., Berekashvili, N., Lomidze, N. (2014). Valuing time: Time use survey, the capability approach, and gender analysis. Jour-nal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(1), 47-59.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hülya Eker 0000-0001-5899-5520

Publication Date August 31, 2018
Acceptance Date August 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Eker, H. (2018). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında İş Dışı Zaman Kullanımı: Kamuda Çalışanlar Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 8(15), 1218-1240. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.440876