Systematic Review of Glass Ceiling Effect in Academia: The Case of Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 19, 481 - 499, 30.09.2019

İlknur Öztürk , Anjelika Huseyinzade Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.592860

Cited By: 1

Abstract

As women started to take an active role in business
life, the problems faced by women in organizational life attracted the
attention of researchers. The concept of glass ceiling effect, which is popular
in recent years, has been studied in many business areas. This study was held
with the aim of reviewing studies published between January 2000 and May 2019
in Turkey about glass ceiling effect perception of women working in academia
and systematically reviewing data obtained from the studies. A total 168 publications
were reached, and 3 of them were evaluated as part of the study according to
inclusion criteria. Results were obtained by focusing on variables affecting
ceiling glass effect perception, assessment tools used in studies and solutions
suggested to break glass ceilings in academia. In general, it was found that
very less known according glass ceiling effect perception in academia. Main
findings show that main factors that are related to glass ceiling effect
perception are opinion of women duties in family and business life,
organisational policies, power distance and organisational factors that impede
the rise of women in hierarchy. Systematic review of related studies has put
forth scientific evidence on the importance of the problem. Since the academy
is an area where women work intensively, the problem of ceiling glass effect
perception of women working in academia should be studied in-depth

Keywords

Glass Ceiling Effect, Academia, Gender Inequality, Systematic Review

Akademide Cam Tavan Etkisinin Sistematik Olarak İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

Abstract

Kadınlar iş hayatında aktif olarak rol almaya
başladıkça, kadınların örgütsel yaşamda yaşadığı sorunlar araştırmacıların
dikkatini çekmeye başladı. Son yıllarda popüler olan cam tavan etkisi kavramı
birçok alanın çalışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma Türkiye'de Ocak 2000
- Mayıs 2019 tarihleri ​​arasında akademide çalışan kadınların cam tavan etkisi
algılarına ilişkin yayınları incelemek ve çalışmalardan elde edilen verileri
sistematik olarak incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Toplam 168 yayına ulaşılmış
ve bunlardan 3 tanesi çalışma kriterlerine göre çalışma kapsamında
değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak cam tavan etkisi algısını etkileyen
değişkenlere, çalışmalarda kullanılan değerlendirme araçlarına ve akademide cam
tavanların kırılmasını öneren çözümlere odaklanan bulgular elde edilmiştir.
Genel olarak akademide cam tavan etkisi algısı olarak çok az bilinmektedir.
Temel bulgular, cam tavan etkisi algısına bağlı temel faktörlerin, kadınların
aile ve iş yaşamındaki görevlerinin, örgüt politikalarının, güç mesafesinin ve
hiyerarşideki kadınların yükselişini engelleyen örgütsel faktörlerin etkili
olduğunu göstermiştir. İlgili çalışmaların sistematik olarak gözden geçirilmesi
sorunun önemi hakkında bilimsel kanıtlar ortaya koymaktadır. Akademi,
kadınların yoğun olarak çalıştığı bir alan olduğu için akademide çalışan
kadınların cam tavan etkisi algısı derinlemesine incelenmelidir.

Keywords

Cam Tavan Etkisi, Akademi, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği, Sistematik derleme

References

• Aker, J. (2009). From glass ceiling to inequality regimes. Sociologie du Travail, 51(2), 199-217.
• Aksoy, N. (2018). Cam tavanın ötesi: Akademisyen azınlıklar-Ankara ve İstanbul örneği. Başkent Üniversitesi Ticari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 74-95.
• Belghiti-Mahut, S., and Briole, A. (2004). L'implication organisationnelle et les femmes cadres: Une interrogation autour de la validation de l'échelle de Allen et Meyer (1996). Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 10(2), 145-164.
• Berlingo, L., Girault, A., Azria, E., Goffinet, F., ve Le Ray, C. (2019). Women and academic careers in obstetrics and gynaecology: Aspirations and obstacles among postgraduate trainees–a mixed‐methods study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 126(6), 770-777.
• Bertrand, M., Black, S. E., Jensen, S., and Lleras-Muney, A. (2018). Breaking the glass ceiling? The effect of board quotas on female labor market outcomes in Norway. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 191-239.
• Bilen-Green, C., Froelich, K. A., and Jacobson, S. W. (2008). The prevalence of women in academic leadership positions, and potential impact on prevalence of women in the professorial ranks. “WEPAN 208 Women in Engineering ProActive Network” National Conference.
• Can, E., Kaptanoğlu, S., and Halo, L. M. (2018). Akademisyenlerde cam tavan sendromunun güç mesafesi ile ilişkisi. Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute/Öneri, 13(50), 52-64.
• Cannings, K. (1988). The earnings of female and male middle managers: A Canadian case study. Journal of Human Resources, 23(1), 34-56.
• Cho, J., Lee, T. and Jung, H. (2014). Glass ceiling in a stratified labor market: Evidence from Korea. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 32, 56-70.
• Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., and Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655-681.
• Ellwood, S., Garcia-Lacalle, J., and Royo, S. (2019). The shattered glass ceiling and a narrowing gender pay gap in NHS foundation trusts: Gender and salaries of chief executives. Public Money & Management, 1-11.
• Gardiner, M., Tiggemann, M., Kearns, H., and Marshall, K. (2007). Show me the money! An empirical analysis of mentoring outcomes for women in academia. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(4), 425-442.
• Hill, C., Corbett, C., and St Rose, A. (2010). Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. American Association of University Women. 1111 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036.
• Hoobler, J. M., Hu, J., and Wilson, M. (2010). Do workers who experience conflict between the work and family domains hit a “glass ceiling? A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 77(3), 481-494.
• Hymowitz, C., and Schellhardt, T. D. (1986). The glass ceiling: Why women can’t seem to break the invisible barrier that blocks them from the top jobs. The Wall Street Journal, 24(1), 1573-1592.
• Jackson, J. F., and O’Callaghan, E. M. (2009). What do we know about glass ceiling effects? A taxonomy and critical review to inform higher education research. Research in Higher Education, 50(5), 460-482.
• Jackson, J. F., and O’Callaghan, E. M. (2009). What do we know about glass ceiling effects? A taxonomy and critical review to inform higher education research. Research in Higher Education, 50(5), 460-482.
• Kalkın, G., Erdem, H., and Tikici, M. (2015). Cam tavan algısı ile örgütsel vatandaşlık ilişkisi: yükseköğrenim kurumlarında görev yapan kadın çalışanlar üzerinde bir araştırma. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 7(13), 125-144.
• Kandiyoti, D. (1997). Gendering the modern on missing dimensions in the study of Turkish Modernity. In Rethinking modernity and national identity in Turkey Seattle, (p.113-132).
• KASAUM (2019). Women's Statistics at the Academy Report January 2019. http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/?page_id=189 accessed on 12.05.2019.
• Köker, E. (1988). Türkiye’de kadın, eğitim ve siyaset: Yükseköğrenim kurumlarında kadının durumu üzerine bir inceleme. Unpublished Ph. D Thesis, Ankara University, Ankara.
• Lewis, A. E., and Fagenson, E. A. (1995). Strategies for developing women managers: How well do they fulfil their objectives? Journal of Management Development, 14(2), 39-53.
• Lieberman, J. A., Ehrhardt, A. A., Simpson, H. B., Arbuckle, M. R., Fyer, A. J., and Essock, S. M. (2018). Eliminating the Glass Ceiling in Academic Psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry, 42(4), 523-528.
• Maume, D. J. (2004). Is the Glass ceiling effect a Unique Form of Inequality? Evidence From a Random-Effects Model of Managerial Attainment. Work and Occupations, 31(2), 250–274.
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., and Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 6(7), e1000097
• Mun, E., and Jung, J. (2018). Change above the glass ceiling: Corporate social responsibility and gender diversity in Japanese firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 63(2), 409-440.
• Negiz, N., and Yemen, A. (2011). Kamu örgütlerinde kadın yöneticiler: Yönetici ve çalışan açısından yönetimde kadın sorunsalı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2011(24), 195-214.
• Poyraz, B. (2013). Akademi kadınların cenneti mi? Ankara üniversitesi örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 1-18.
• Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., and Conroy, D. (1994). How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 899-931.
• Van Vianen, A. E., and Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 315-337.
• Wolfert, C., Rohde, V., Mielke, D., and Hernández-Durán, S. (2019). Female Neurosurgeons in Europe—On a Prevailing Glass Ceiling. World Neurosurgery, 129, 460-466.
• World Economic Forum (2018). Global Gender Gap Reporthttps://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2018 accessed on 23 May 2019
• Xie, Y., and Shauman, K. A. (2003). Women in science. Harvard University Press.