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Nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage ratio of outpatients undergoing hemodialysis and mupirocin, fucidic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole susceptibility of isolated strains

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 177 - 181, 01.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.271051

Abstract

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine nasal Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) carriage ratio of outpatients
undergoing hemodialysis because of chronic renal failure and mupirocin, fucidic
acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole susceptibility of isolated strains.



Material-Method: One hundred ten adult hemodialysis patients
(56 females [51%],  54 [49%] males) were
included in the study. Nasal swab samples obtained from the patients were
inoculated into mannitol salt agar (Oxoid, UK) and oxacillin resistance
screening agar (ORSAB, Oxoid, UK) respectively and simultaneously. Colonies
that grew on the petri dishes were identified with convantional methods.
Meticillin resistance was verified using cefoxitin disk with disk-diffusion
method. Mupirocin, fucidic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)
susceptibility of  isolated strains were
determined with disk-diffusion method  in
accordance with recommendations of  Clinical
and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI.)



Results: Among 110 patients included in the study,
methicillin-sensitive S. aureus
(MSSA) nasal carriage was found in 20 (18%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage was found in 5
(4.5%). Total S. aureus nasal
carriage was found to be 22.7% (25/110). While the susceptibility of  MRSA strains was found as 1 resistant strain
for mupirocin, 2 resistant strains for fucidic acid, 2 resistant strains for
TMP/SMX for MSSA, there was 1 resistant strain for fucidic acid and no
resistant strains for mupirocin and TMP/SMX.



Conclusion: Nasal S.aureus
carriage ratio was found to be lower when compared with other reports
fromTurkey. Besides, mupirocin, fucidic acid and TMP/SMX susceptibility of  isolated strains was also found to be lower.
We concluded that determining the antibiotic susceptibility of  the strains will increase the success to the
goal of eradicating the nasal carriage in outpatients undergoing hemodialysis.

References

  • Kluytsmans J, Belkum AV, Verburg H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiology, underlying mecanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10(3): 505-20.
  • Çetinkaya Y, Ünal S. Stafilokokal taşıyıcılık: Önemi ve tedavisi. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 1999; 3(1): 22-32.
  • Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Sürücüoğlu S, Kürşat S, Özbakkaloğlu B. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında Staphylococcus aureus burun taşıyıcılığı ve suşların antibiyotik direnci. ANKEM Derg 2005; 19(2): 88-91.
  • Şencan İ, Kaya D, Çatakoğlu N, Şahin İ, Bahtiyar Z, Yıldırım M. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında burunda metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı. İnfeksiyon Dergisi 2003; 17(1):31-34.
  • Eiff CV, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 11-16.
  • Cesur S. Topikal antibiyotikler ve klinik kullanımları. Mikrobiyol Bult. 2002; 36 (3-4): 353-61.
  • Boelart JR. Staphylococcus aureus infection in haemodialysis patients. Mupirocin as a topical strategy against nasal carriage: Review. J chemother 1994;6(1): 19-27.
  • Parras F, Guerrero MC, Bouza E, Blazouez MJ, Moreno S, Menarguez MC, Cercenado E. Comperative study of mupirocin and oral co-trimoxazole plus topical fusidic acid in eradication of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995; 39 (1):175-179.
  • Den Heijer CD, Van Bijnen EM, Paget WJ, Stobberingh EE. Fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage strains in European countries. Future Microbiol. 2014; 9 (6): 737-45.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; Approved Standard. 8th ed, M07-A8. Wayne PA: CLSI, 2009.
  • Gebreselasie HM, Lo Priore E, Marchall J. Effectiveness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decolonization in longterm haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91 (3):250-6
  • Diawara I, Bekhti K, Elhabchi D, Saile R, Elmdaghri N, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis centers of Fez, Morocco.Iran J Microbiol 2014; 6(3):175-83.
  • Maamoun HA, Soliman AR, El Sherif R. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose of patients on regular dialysis treatment using hemodialysis catheters. Hemodial Int. 2011; 15(4): 563-7.
  • Abad CL, Pulia MS, Safdar N. Does the nose know? An update on MRSA decolonisation strategies. Current Infect Dis Rep. 2013; 15(6): 455-464.
  • Laupland KB, Conly JM. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and prophylaxis for infection with topical intranasal mupirocin: An evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37 (7):933-938.
  • 16.Lederer SR, Riedelsdorf G, SchifflH.Nasal carriage of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the prevalence, patients at risk and the effect of elimination on outcomes among outclinic haemodialysis patients. Eur J Med Res. 2007; 12(7):284-8.
  • 17.Tashakori M, Moghadam FM, Ziasheikholeslami N, Jafarpour P, Behsoun M, Hadavi M, Gomreei M. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from patients and staff in a dialysis center of Southeast Iran. Iranian J Microbiol. 2014; 6(2): 79-83.
  • Oumokhtar B, Elazhari M, Timinouni M, Bendahhou K, Bennani B, MahmoudM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Moraccan dialysis center and isolates chacracterization. Hemodialysis International; 2013;17(4): 542-547.
  • Wang CY, Wu VC, Wang WJ, Lin YF, Lin YH, Chen YM, et al. Risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients with end-stage renal disease inTaiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012; 111(1):14-8.
  • Schmid H, Romanos A, Schiffl H, Lederer SR. Persistent nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in hemodialysis outpatients: a predictor of worse outcome. BMC Neprol 2013; 14:93.
  • Çelik G, Gülcan A. Hemodiyaliz tedavisi alan hastalarda nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı ve risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2010; 40(2): 79-86.
  • Kanadalı A, Altoparlak Ü, Pirimoğlu S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı ve suşların antibiyotik duyarlılığı. ANKEM Derg 2002; 16(4): 470-473.
  • Çifci A, Erol ÖÖ, Kaya Ç, Ergen E, Cesur S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında MRSA burun taşıyıcılığı ve VRE rektal taşıyıcılığı oranlarının belirlenmesi. Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi 2013; 5(3): 214-218.
  • Gündüz T, Akgül S, Yılmaz S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında ve çalışanlarında nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi 2005; 6(1):13-16.
  • Moghadam SO, Pourmand MR, Davoodabadi A. The detection of mupirocin resistance and nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at university hospital of Tharan, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44(3):361-368.
  • Yukti Sharma, Sanjay Jain, Harshvardhan Singh, and Vasudha Govil. Staphylococcus aureus: Screening for Nasal Carriers in a Community Setting with Special Reference to MRSA. Scientifica Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 479048, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/479048.
  • Jan Kluytmans, Alex Van Belkum, And Henrı Verbrugh. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,1997, p. 505–520
  • Alicia I. Hidron, Ekaterina V. Kourbatova, J. Sue Halvosa, Bianca J. Terrell, Linda K. McDougal, Fred C. Tenover, et al. Risk Factors for Colonization with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Patients Admitted to an Urban Hospital: Emergence of Community-Associated MRSA Nasal Carriage. Clin Infect Dis. (2005) 41 (2): 159-166.

Ayaktan takip edilen hemodiyaliz hastalarında Staphylococcus aureus nazal taşıyıcılığı oranları ve izole edilen suşların mupirosin, fusidik asit, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol duyarlılıkları

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 177 - 181, 01.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.271051

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada kronik
böbrek yetmezliği nedeniyle ayaktan takip edilen hemodiyaliz  hastalarında Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
nazal taşıyıcılığı oranlarının yanısıra  izole edilen suşların mupirosin, fusidik asit
ve trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı.

Gereç-Yöntem: Çalışmaya 56 (%51)
kadın, 54 (%49) erkek olmak üzere toplam 110 erişkin hemodiyaliz hastası dahil
edildi. Hastalardan alınan nazal sürüntü örnekleri sırasıyla mannitol salt agar
(Oxoid, UK) ve oksasilin direnci tarama agar (ORSAB, Oxoid, UK) besiyerlerine
eş zamanlı olarak ekildi.

Besiyerinde üreyen koloniler konvansiyonel yöntemlerle (Gram boyama, katalaz ve
koagülaz testleri ) tanımlandı. Metisilin direnci sefoksitin diski kullanılarak
disk-difüzyon yöntemiyle doğrulandı. İzole edilen S. aureus suşlarında mupirosin, fusidik asit ve
trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (TMP-SMZ) duyarlılıkları Clinical and Laboratory
Standards Institute (CLSI ) önerileri doğrultusunda disk-difüzyon yöntemiyle
belirlendi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan toplam
110 hastanın 20’sinde (% 18) metisiline duyarlı S.aureus (MSSA), 5’inde ( %4.5 ) ise metisiline dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) burun taşıyıcılığı
saptandı. Toplamda S. aureus nazal
taşıyıcılığı oranı ise %22.7 (25/110) olarak belirlendi.

İzole edilen MRSA suşlarının mupirosin, fusidik asit ve
trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (TMP-SMZ) duyarlılıkları sırasıyla; mupirosine 1,
fusidik aside 2, TMP-SMZ’ye 2 dirençli suş saptanırken, MSSA suşlarında fusidik
asite dirençli 1 suş saptanırken, mupirosin ve TMP-SMZ’ye dirençli suş
saptanmadı.




Sonuç:  Ayaktan takip edilen hemodiyaliz hastalarında S. aureus nazal taşıyıcılık oranları
ülkemizde bildirilen oranlara kıyaslandığında daha düşüktü. Ayrıca izole edilen
S. aureus suşlarında mupirosin,
fusidik asit ve TMP-SMZ direnç oranları da düşük olarak belirlendi.

Hemodiyaliz hastalarında nazal taşıyıcılığın eradikasyonu planlandığında izole
edilen suşların antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının saptanmasının eradikasyon
başarısını artıracağı görüşündeyiz.



References

  • Kluytsmans J, Belkum AV, Verburg H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiology, underlying mecanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10(3): 505-20.
  • Çetinkaya Y, Ünal S. Stafilokokal taşıyıcılık: Önemi ve tedavisi. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 1999; 3(1): 22-32.
  • Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Sürücüoğlu S, Kürşat S, Özbakkaloğlu B. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında Staphylococcus aureus burun taşıyıcılığı ve suşların antibiyotik direnci. ANKEM Derg 2005; 19(2): 88-91.
  • Şencan İ, Kaya D, Çatakoğlu N, Şahin İ, Bahtiyar Z, Yıldırım M. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında burunda metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı. İnfeksiyon Dergisi 2003; 17(1):31-34.
  • Eiff CV, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 11-16.
  • Cesur S. Topikal antibiyotikler ve klinik kullanımları. Mikrobiyol Bult. 2002; 36 (3-4): 353-61.
  • Boelart JR. Staphylococcus aureus infection in haemodialysis patients. Mupirocin as a topical strategy against nasal carriage: Review. J chemother 1994;6(1): 19-27.
  • Parras F, Guerrero MC, Bouza E, Blazouez MJ, Moreno S, Menarguez MC, Cercenado E. Comperative study of mupirocin and oral co-trimoxazole plus topical fusidic acid in eradication of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995; 39 (1):175-179.
  • Den Heijer CD, Van Bijnen EM, Paget WJ, Stobberingh EE. Fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage strains in European countries. Future Microbiol. 2014; 9 (6): 737-45.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; Approved Standard. 8th ed, M07-A8. Wayne PA: CLSI, 2009.
  • Gebreselasie HM, Lo Priore E, Marchall J. Effectiveness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decolonization in longterm haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91 (3):250-6
  • Diawara I, Bekhti K, Elhabchi D, Saile R, Elmdaghri N, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis centers of Fez, Morocco.Iran J Microbiol 2014; 6(3):175-83.
  • Maamoun HA, Soliman AR, El Sherif R. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the nose of patients on regular dialysis treatment using hemodialysis catheters. Hemodial Int. 2011; 15(4): 563-7.
  • Abad CL, Pulia MS, Safdar N. Does the nose know? An update on MRSA decolonisation strategies. Current Infect Dis Rep. 2013; 15(6): 455-464.
  • Laupland KB, Conly JM. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and prophylaxis for infection with topical intranasal mupirocin: An evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37 (7):933-938.
  • 16.Lederer SR, Riedelsdorf G, SchifflH.Nasal carriage of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the prevalence, patients at risk and the effect of elimination on outcomes among outclinic haemodialysis patients. Eur J Med Res. 2007; 12(7):284-8.
  • 17.Tashakori M, Moghadam FM, Ziasheikholeslami N, Jafarpour P, Behsoun M, Hadavi M, Gomreei M. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from patients and staff in a dialysis center of Southeast Iran. Iranian J Microbiol. 2014; 6(2): 79-83.
  • Oumokhtar B, Elazhari M, Timinouni M, Bendahhou K, Bennani B, MahmoudM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Moraccan dialysis center and isolates chacracterization. Hemodialysis International; 2013;17(4): 542-547.
  • Wang CY, Wu VC, Wang WJ, Lin YF, Lin YH, Chen YM, et al. Risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients with end-stage renal disease inTaiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012; 111(1):14-8.
  • Schmid H, Romanos A, Schiffl H, Lederer SR. Persistent nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in hemodialysis outpatients: a predictor of worse outcome. BMC Neprol 2013; 14:93.
  • Çelik G, Gülcan A. Hemodiyaliz tedavisi alan hastalarda nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı ve risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2010; 40(2): 79-86.
  • Kanadalı A, Altoparlak Ü, Pirimoğlu S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı ve suşların antibiyotik duyarlılığı. ANKEM Derg 2002; 16(4): 470-473.
  • Çifci A, Erol ÖÖ, Kaya Ç, Ergen E, Cesur S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında MRSA burun taşıyıcılığı ve VRE rektal taşıyıcılığı oranlarının belirlenmesi. Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi 2013; 5(3): 214-218.
  • Gündüz T, Akgül S, Yılmaz S. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında ve çalışanlarında nazal Staphylococcus aureus taşıyıcılığı. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi 2005; 6(1):13-16.
  • Moghadam SO, Pourmand MR, Davoodabadi A. The detection of mupirocin resistance and nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at university hospital of Tharan, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44(3):361-368.
  • Yukti Sharma, Sanjay Jain, Harshvardhan Singh, and Vasudha Govil. Staphylococcus aureus: Screening for Nasal Carriers in a Community Setting with Special Reference to MRSA. Scientifica Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 479048, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/479048.
  • Jan Kluytmans, Alex Van Belkum, And Henrı Verbrugh. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,1997, p. 505–520
  • Alicia I. Hidron, Ekaterina V. Kourbatova, J. Sue Halvosa, Bianca J. Terrell, Linda K. McDougal, Fred C. Tenover, et al. Risk Factors for Colonization with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Patients Admitted to an Urban Hospital: Emergence of Community-Associated MRSA Nasal Carriage. Clin Infect Dis. (2005) 41 (2): 159-166.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original article
Authors

Salih Cesur

Özlem Kurşun This is me

Deniz Aylı This is me

Göknur Yapar Toros This is me

Nilgün Altın This is me

Sami Kınıklı This is me

İrfan Şencan This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Cesur S, Kurşun Ö, Aylı D, Toros GY, Altın N, Kınıklı S, Şencan İ. Ayaktan takip edilen hemodiyaliz hastalarında Staphylococcus aureus nazal taşıyıcılığı oranları ve izole edilen suşların mupirosin, fusidik asit, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol duyarlılıkları. omj. 2016;8(4):177-81.

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