An organophosphate insecticide: Chlorpyrifos

Year 2022, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 139 - 147, 14.01.2022

Semra Özdemir , Bahar Öztürk Kurt

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.946456

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, increases production and productivity in agricultural areas, it is a broad spectrum insecticide most preferred in the control of pests and pathogens in homes and various indoor areas. Chlorpyrifos which can be used uncontrollably and frequently due to its ease of obtainment and cheapness, enters the body through exposure ways such as soil, air, food and water, and rapidly disperses and accumulates in various tissues and organs, especially in adipose tissue. Chlorpyrifos is a cause of toxicity in many non-target organisms, including humans. The rate and effectiveness of symptoms in toxicity caused by organophosphates depend on how long and in which way the organophosphate is exposed, the chemical structure of the organophosphate, as well as the rate of destruction and metabolic activation. The mechanism of action of chlorpyrifos, which includes neurotoxicity due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at cholinergic synapses, causes undesirable effects on the nervous system. The longer half-lives compared to chlorpyrifos cause serious health complications as it prolongs the excretion process from the body. Although chlorpyrifos toxicity is associated with neurological dysfunctions, endocrine system diseases and cardiovascular diseases. It can also induce hematological malignancies, genotoxicity, histopathological, developmental and behavioral abnormalities, and oxidative stress. In addition, eye irritation and dermatological defects may occur due to exposure. This review has been prepared by taking into account the studies related to chlorpyrifos and includes information on the structure of chlorpyrifos the ways of exposure to chlorpyrifos the formation and detection mechanisms of the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos

Keywords

Chlorpyrifos, Insecticide, AChE, Toxicity

Organofosfatlı bir insektisit: Klorpirifos

Abstract

Organofosfatlı bir insektisit olan klorpirifos tarımsal alanlarda üretimi ve verimliliği arttırmada, evlerde ve çeşitli kapalı alanlarda haşere ve patojenlerin kontrolünde en fazla tercih edilen geniş spektrumlu bir böcek öldürücüdür. Elde edilebilmesinin kolaylığı ve ucuz olması nedeniyle kontrolsüzce ve sıkça kullanılabilen klorpirifos, toprak, hava, gıda ve su gibi maruziyet yollarıyla vücuda girmekte ve hızla dağılarak özellikle yağ dokusu olmak üzere çeşitli doku ve organlarda birikmektedir. Klorpirifos insanların da dahil olduğu birçok hedef dışı organizmada toksisite sebebidir. Organofosfatların neden olduğu toksisitede semptomların görülme hızı ve etkinliği, organofosfata ne kadar süre ile ve hangi yolla maruz kalındığına, organofosfatın kimyasal yapısına bağlı olduğu gibi yıkım hızı ve metabolik aktivasyonda bu mekanizmada etkilidir. Klorpirifosun kolinerjik sinapslarda asetilkolinesterazın (AChE) geri dönüşümsüz inhibisyonuna bağlı nörotoksisiteyi içeren etki mekanizması, sinir sistemi üzerinde istenmeyen etkilere sebep olmaktadır. Klorpirifosun aktif metabolitleri olan 3,5,6-trikloro-2-piridinol (TCP) ve klorpirifos-oksonun yarılanma ömürlerinin klorpirifosa kıyasla daha uzun olması vücuttan atılım sürecini uzattığı için ciddi sağlık komplikasyonlarına yol açmaktadır. Klorpirifos toksisitesi nörolojik disfonksiyonlar, endokrin sistem hastalıkları ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkilendirilmekle birlikte hematolojik maligniteleri, genotoksisiteyi, histopatolojik, gelişimsel ve davranışsal anomalileri ve oksidatif stresi de indükleyebilir. Ayrıca maruz kalmaya bağlı olarak göz tahrişi ve dermatolojik kusurlar da görülebilmektedir. Bu derleme, klorpirifos ile ilgili çalışmalar dikkate alınarak hazırlanmış olup klorpirifosun yapısı, klorpirifosa maruz kalma yolları, klorpirifosun toksik etkilerinin oluşum ve tespit edilebilme mekanizmaları konusunda bilgiler içermektedir.

Keywords

Klorpirifos, İnsektisit, AChE, Toksisite

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