Üniversite Öğrencilerine Yönelik Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetlerinde İnternet Tabanlı Müdahaleler: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Year 2023, Volume: 45 Issue: 5, 814 - 833, 27.09.2023

Ömer Özer , Burak Köksal

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1309551

Abstract

Üniversite öğrencilerinde ruh sağlığı problemleri yaygındır. Ancak damgalama, ulaşım, yüksek maliyet, uzmana ulaşamama, uzun bekleme listeleri gibi nedenlerden dolayı üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım alma eğilimleri düşüktür. Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım alma engellerini ortadan kaldırabilecek alternatif psikolojik destek müdahaleleri geliştirilmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmelerin psikoloji alanına yansımasının bir sonucu olan internet tabanlı müdahaleler farklı gruplar ve farklı problem alanlarında etkililiği kanıtlanmış müdahalelerdir. Çeşitli kuramsal yaklaşımlara dayalı olarak geliştirilebilen internet tabanlı müdahaleler bilgisayar ya da mobil cihazlar yolu ile sunulmaktadır. İnternet tabanlı müdahaleler yüz yüze sunulan psikolojik yardım sürecine yardımcı bir araç olarak ya da tek başına bir müdahale olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Müdahaleler bir uzman desteği eşliğinde ya da kullanıcının yalnız başına kullanacağı şekilde dizayn edilebilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının ilk bölümünde internet tabanlı müdahalelerin tanımı, kapsamı, türleri, etkililiği, avantajları ile birlikte internet tabanlı müdahalelerde katılım ve erken bırakma, olumsuz/yan etkiler ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde internet tabanlı müdahalelerin farklı problem alanları üzerindeki etkililiği üniversite öğrencileri üzerindeki çalışmalar bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Son bölümde Türkiye’deki mevcut durum ele alınmış ve bu alanda çalışacak araştırmacılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

İnternet tabanlı müdahale, Psikolojik yardım, Ruh sağlığı, Üniversite öğrencileri

Internet-Based Interventions in Mental Health Services for University Students: A Review

Abstract

Mental health problems are common among university students. However, university students are less likely to seek psychological help due to stigmatization, distance, high psychotherapy costs, difficulty accessing specialists, and long waiting lists. Internet-based interventions, which result from the reflection of technological developments in psychology, are interventions that have proven to be effective in different groups and in various problem areas. Developed on the basis of different theoretical approaches, internet-based interventions are delivered via computers or mobile devices. Internet-based interventions can be used both in clinical samples and in the general population, as an additional tool in face-to-face psychological help or as a separate intervention. Interventions can be designed to be used by the user alone or with the support of an expert. The first part of this review discusses the definition, scope, types, effectiveness, advantages, participation and early dropout, and negative/adverse effects of internet-based interventions. In the second part, the effectiveness of internet-based interventions in different problem areas is evaluated in the context of studies conducted on university students. The current situation in Turkey is also discussed and suggestions are made for researchers who will study this field.

Keywords

Internet-based intervention, Psychological help, Mental, health, University students

References

• 1. Donat A, Bilgiç B, Eskiocak A, Koşar D. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sorunları ve çözüm önerileri. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi. 2019;(3):451–9.
• 2. Erkan S, Özbay Y, Çankaya ZC, Terzi Ş. Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2012;37(164).
• 3. Köksal B, Topkaya N. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşadığı Sorunlar ve Sorun Alanlarının Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stresle İlişkisi. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;19(2):926–49.
• 4. Auerbach RP, Mortier P, Bruffaerts R, Alonso J, Benjet C, Cuijpers P, et al. WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2018;127(7):623.
• 5. Cuijpers P, Auerbach RP, Benjet C, Bruffaerts R, Ebert D, Karyotaki E, et al. The world health organization world mental health international college student initiative: an overview. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2019;28(2):e1761.
• 6. Hunt J, Eisenberg D. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of adolescent health. 2010;46(1):3–10.
• 7. Duffy ME, Twenge JM, Joiner TE. Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among US undergraduates, 2007–2018: Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2019;65(5):590–8.
• 8. Twenge JM, Cooper AB, Joiner TE, Duffy ME, Binau SG. Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2019;128(3):185.
• 9. Eisenberg D, Downs MF, Golberstein E, Zivin K. Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review. 2009;66(5):522–41.
• 10. Goodwin J, Behan L, Kelly P, McCarthy K, Horgan A. Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry research. 2016;246:129–35.
• 11. Kızıldağ S, Zorbaz SD, Gençtanırım D, ARICI F. Hacettepe Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma yardımı almaya ve bu yardımın sunulduğu birimlere ilişkin görüşleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;8(3):185–96.
• 12. Topkaya N, Meydan B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2013;3(1).
• 13. Ceyhan E, Ceyhan AA. Loneliness and depression levels of students usıng a university counseling Center. 2011;
• 14. Koç Ş, Öksüz E, Ayhan F. The Reasons University Students Apply to the Center of Psychological Counseling and Guidance: A Retrospective Study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal. 2022;12(64):155–69.
• 15. Ebert DD, Mortier P, Kaehlke F, Bruffaerts R, Baumeister H, Auerbach RP, et al. Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first-year college students: First cross-national results from the WHO World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2019;28(2):e1782.
• 16. Xiao H, Carney DM, Youn SJ, Janis RA, Castonguay LG, Hayes JA, et al. Are we in crisis? National mental health and treatment trends in college counseling centers. Psychological services. 2017;14(4):407. 17. Lattie EG, Adkins EC, Winquist N, Stiles-Shields C, Wafford QE, Graham AK. Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2019 Jul 22;21(7):e12869.
• 18. Andersson G, Bergström J, Buhrman M, Carlbring P, Holländare F, Kaldo V, et al. Development of a new approach to guided self-help via the Internet: The Swedish experience. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 2008;26(2–4):161–81.
• 19. Montagni I, Tzourio C, Cousin T, Sagara JA, Bada-Alonzi J, Horgan A. Mental Health-Related Digital Use by University Students: A Systematic Review. Telemed J E Health. 2020 Feb;26(2):131–46.
• 20. Özer Ö, Ceyhan AA, Struijs SY. User profile of an online cognitive behavioral therapy self-help platform in Turkey. Curr Psychol [Internet]. 2023 May 31 [cited 2023 Jun 4]; Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12144-023-04787-8
• 21. Cuijpers P, Schuurmans J. Self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: an overview. Current psychiatry reports. 2007;9(4):284–90.
• 22. Gould RA, Clum GA. A meta-analysis of self-help treatment approaches. Clinical psychology review. 1993;13(2):169–86.
• 23. Barak A, Hen L, Boniel-Nissim M, Shapira N. A Comprehensive Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 2008 Jul 3;26(2–4):109–60.
• 24. Gericke F, Ebert DD, Breet E, Auerbach RP, Bantjes J. A qualitative study of university students’ experience of Internet-based CBT for depression. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 2021;21(4):792–804. 25. Oti O, Pretorius C, Pitt I. Experience of students in using online mental health interventions: A qualitative study. 2022;
• 26. Chan JK, Farrer LM, Gulliver A, Bennett K, Griffiths KM. University students’ views on the perceived benefits and drawbacks of seeking help for mental health problems on the Internet: a qualitative study. JMIR human factors. 2016;3(1):e4765.
• 27. Richards D, Timulak L. Satisfaction with therapist-delivered vs. self-administered online cognitive behavioural treatments for depression symptoms in college students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 2013 Apr 1;41(2):193–207.
• 28. Linardon J, Messer M, Lee S, Rosato J. Perspectives of e-health interventions for treating and preventing eating disorders: descriptive study of perceived advantages and barriers, help-seeking intentions, and preferred functionality. Eat Weight Disord. 2021 May 1;26(4):1097–109.
• 29. Barak A, Klein B, Proudfoot JG. Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of behavioral medicine. 2009;38(1):4–17.
• 30. Andersson G, Titov N. Advantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(1):4–11.
• 31. Mohr DC, Burns MN, Schueller SM, Clarke G, Klinkman M. Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 1;35(4):332–8.
• 32. Andersson G, Cuijpers P. Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2009 Dec 1;38(4):196–205.
• 33. Richards D, Richardson T. Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2012 Jun 1;32(4):329–42.
• 34. Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Riper H, Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2018;47(1):1–18.
• 35. Cuijpers P, Donker T, Straten A, Li J, Andersson G. Is guided self-help as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Psychological medicine. 2010;40(12):1943–57.
• 36. Baumeister H, Reichler L, Munzinger M, Lin J. The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions — A systematic review. Internet Interventions. 2014 Oct 1;1(4):205–15.
• 37. Titov N. Internet-delivered psychotherapy for depression in adults. Current opinion in psychiatry. 2011;24(1):18–23.
• 38. Johansson R, Andersson G. Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2012;12(7):861–70.
• 39. Han A, Kim TH. The Effects of Internet-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Process Measures: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2022;24(8):e39182.
• 40. Thompson EM, Destree L, Albertella L, Fontenelle LF. Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis for mental health outcomes. Behavior Therapy. 2021;52(2):492–507.
• 41. Cuijpers P, de Wit L, Kleiboer A, Karyotaki E, Ebert DD. Problem-solving therapy for adult depression: an updated meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2018;48(1):27–37.
• 42. Zhang Y, Xue J, Huang Y. A meta-analysis: Internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population. Medicine. 2020;99(28).
• 43. Carter JC, Kenny TE, Singleton C, Van Wijk M, Heath O. Dialectical behavior therapy self-help for binge-eating disorder: A randomized controlled study. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020;53(3):451–60.
• 44. Wilks C, Yin Q, Ang SY, Matsumiya B, Lungu A, Linehan M. Internet-delivered dialectical behavioral therapy skills training for suicidal and heavy episodic drinkers: protocol and preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR research protocols. 2017;6(10):e7767.
• 45. Kramer J, Conijn B, Oijevaar P, Riper H. Effectiveness of a web-based solution-focused brief chat treatment for depressed adolescents and young adults: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical internet research. 2014;16(5):e3261.
• 46. Burckhardt R, Manicavasagar V, Batterham PJ, Miller LM, Talbot E, Lum A. A Web-Based Adolescent Positive Psychology Program in Schools: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Jul 28;17(7):e187.
• 47. Woodworth RJ, O’Brien-Malone A, Diamond MR, Schüz B. Web-Based Positive Psychology Interventions: A Reexamination of Effectiveness. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017;73(3):218–32.
• 48. Büscher R, Torok M, Terhorst Y, Sander L. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 2020;3(4):e203933–e203933.
• 49. Karyotaki E, Efthimiou O, Miguel C, Bermpohl FM genannt, Furukawa TA, Cuijpers P, et al. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 1;78(4):361–71.
• 50. Păsărelu CR, Andersson G, Bergman Nordgren L, Dobrean A. Internet-delivered transdiagnostic and tailored cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2017;46(1):1–28.
• 51. Sander L, Rausch L, Baumeister H. Effectiveness of internet-based interventions for the prevention of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mental Health. 2016;3(3):e6061.
• 52. Taylor CB, Graham AK, Flatt RE, Waldherr K, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE. Current state of scientific evidence on Internet-based interventions for the treatment of depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance abuse: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. European Journal of Public Health. 2021 Jul 1;31(Supplement_1):i3–10.
• 53. Andrade ALM, Lacerda RB, Gomide HP, Ronzani TM, Sartes LMA, Martins LF, et al. Web-based self-help intervention reduces alcohol consumption in both heavy-drinking and dependent alcohol users: a pilot study. Addictive behaviors. 2016;63:63–71.
• 54. Schaub MP, Tiburcio M, Martínez-Vélez N, Ambekar A, Bhad R, Wenger A, et al. The effectiveness of a web-based self-help program to reduce alcohol use among adults with drinking patterns considered harmful, hazardous, or suggestive of dependence in four low-and middle-income countries: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research. 2021;23(8):e21686.
• 55. Dölemeyer R, Tietjen A, Kersting A, Wagner B. Internet-based interventions for eating disorders in adults: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 6;13(1):207.
• 56. Berger T, Hohl E, Caspar F. Internet-based treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical psychology. 2009;65(10):1021–35.
• 57. Kuester A, Niemeyer H, Knaevelsrud C. Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016;43:1–16.
• 58. Rogers MA, Lemmen K, Kramer R, Mann J, Chopra V. Internet-Delivered Health Interventions That Work: Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses and Evaluation of Website Availability. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2017 Mar 24;19(3):e7111.
• 59. Rith-Najarian LR, Chorpita BF, Gong-Guy E, Hammons HR, Chavira DA. Feasibility of a web-based program for universal prevention of anxiety and depression in university students: An open trial. Journal of American College Health. 2022 Nov 17;70(8):2519–26.
• 60. Levin ME, Pistorello J, Seeley JR, Hayes SC. Feasibility of a Prototype Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prevention Program for College Students. Journal of American College Health. 2014 Jan 2;62(1):20–30.
• 61. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Farrer L. Adherence in Internet Interventions for Anxiety and Depression: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2009 Apr 24;11(2):e1194.
• 62. Delgadillo J, McMillan D, Lucock M, Leach C, Ali S, Gilbody S. Early changes, attrition, and dose–response in low intensity psychological interventions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2014;53(1):114–30.
• 63. Duhne PGS, Delgadillo J, Lutz W. Predicting early dropout in online versus face-to-face guided self-help: A machine learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2022;159:104200.
• 64. Fleming T, Bavin L, Lucassen M, Stasiak K, Hopkins S, Merry S. Beyond the Trial: Systematic Review of Real-World Uptake and Engagement With Digital Self-Help Interventions for Depression, Low Mood, or Anxiety. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2018 Jun 6;20(6):e9275.
• 65. Wojtowicz M, Day V, McGrath PJ. Predictors of Participant Retention in a Guided Online Self-Help Program for University Students: Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013 May 22;15(5):e2323.
• 66. Karyotaki E, Kleiboer A, Smit F, Turner DT, Pastor AM, Andersson G, et al. Predictors of treatment dropout in self-guided web-based interventions for depression: an ‘individual patient data’ meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2015 Oct;45(13):2717–26.
• 67. Titov N, Dear BF, Johnston L, Lorian C, Zou J, Wootton B, et al. Improving Adherence and Clinical Outcomes in Self-Guided Internet Treatment for Anxiety and Depression: Randomised Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE. 2013 Jul 3;8(7):e62873.
• 68. Linden M. How to Define, Find and Classify Side Effects in Psychotherapy: From Unwanted Events to Adverse Treatment Reactions: Side Effects in Psychotherapy: The UE-ATR Checklist. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013 Jul;20(4):286–96.
• 69. Schermuly-Haupt ML, Linden M, Rush AJ. Unwanted Events and Side Effects in Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Cogn Ther Res. 2018 Jun;42(3):219–29.
• 70. Boettcher J, Rozental A, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Side effects in Internet-based interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder. Internet Interventions. 2014 Mar 1;1(1):3–11.
• 71. Karyotaki E, Kemmeren L, Riper H, Twisk J, Hoogendoorn A, Kleiboer A, et al. Is self-guided internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) harmful? An individual participant data meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2018 Nov;48(15):2456–66.
• 72. Ebert DD, Donkin L, Andersson G, Andrews G, Berger T, Carlbring P, et al. Does Internet-based guided-self-help for depression cause harm? An individual participant data meta-analysis on deterioration rates and its moderators in randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2016 Oct;46(13):2679–93.
• 73. Fenski F, Rozental A, Heinrich M, Knaevelsrud C, Zagorscak P, Boettcher J. Negative effects in internet-based interventions for depression: A qualitative content analysis. Internet Interventions. 2021 Dec 1;26:100469.
• 74. Oltmanns TF, Martin MT, Davison GC, Neale JM. Case studies in abnormal psychology. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
• 75. Geisner IM, Varvil-Weld L, Mittmann AJ, Mallett K, Turrisi R. Brief web-based intervention for college students with comorbid risky alcohol use and depressed mood: does it work and for whom? Addictive behaviors. 2015;42:36–43.
• 76. Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, Bränström R. Feasibility and outcomes of an internet-based mindfulness training program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mental health. 2016;3(3):e5457.
• 77. Harrer M, Adam SH, Baumeister H, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Auerbach RP, et al. Internet interventions for mental health in university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of methods in psychiatric research. 2019;28(2):e1759. 78. Barlow DH. Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American psychologist. 2000;55(11):1247.
• 79. Davies EB, Morriss R, Glazebrook C. Computer-Delivered and Web-Based Interventions to Improve Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being of University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2014 May 16;16(5):e3142.
• 80. van Straten A, Cuijpers P, Smits N. Effectiveness of a web-based self-help intervention for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research. 2008;10(1):e954.
• 81. Domhardt M, Geßlein H, von Rezori RE, Baumeister H. Internet- and mobile-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review of intervention components. Depression and Anxiety. 2019;36(3):213–24.
• 82. Morris J, Firkins A, Millings A, Mohr C, Redford P, Rowe A. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and insomnia in a higher education context. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 2016;29(4):415–31.
• 83. Richards D, Timulak L, Doherty G, Sharry J, McLoughlin O, Rashleigh C, et al. Low-intensity internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety symptoms in routine care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15(1):1–11.
• 84. Melnyk BM, Amaya M, Szalacha LA, Hoying J, Taylor T, Bowersox K. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of the COPE online cognitive-behavioral skill-building program on mental health outcomes and academic performance in freshmen college students: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2015;28(3):147–54.
• 85. Etzelmueller A, Vis C, Karyotaki E, Baumeister H, Titov N, Berking M, et al. Effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in routine care for adults in treatment for depression and anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020;22(8):e18100.
• 86. Spek V, Cuijpers PIM, Nyklíček I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychological medicine. 2007;37(3):319–28.
• 87. Monroe SM, Reid MW. Life stress and major depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2009;18:68–72.
• 88. Amanvermez Y, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P, Salemink E, Spinhoven P, Struijs S, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a guided internet-based stress management intervention for university students with high levels of stress: Protocol for an open trial. Internet Interventions. 2021;24:100369.
• 89. Harrer M, Adam SH, Fleischmann RJ, Baumeister H, Auerbach R, Bruffaerts R, et al. Effectiveness of an internet-and app-based intervention for college students with elevated stress: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research. 2018;20(4):e136.
• 90. Chulasai P, Chinwong D, Vientong P, Lertsinudom S, Kanjanarat P, Hall JJ, et al. Smartphone Application for Smoking Cessation (Quit with US): A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adult Light Smokers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Jan;19(14):8265.
• 91. Liu L, Zhao Y, Li J, Zhang N, Lan Z, Liu X. Efficacy of digital therapeutics in smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices. 2023 Mar 1;17:100209.
• 92. Gilbertson RJ, Norton TR, Beery SH, Lee KR. Web-Based Alcohol Intervention in First-Year College Students: Efficacy of Full-Program Administration Prior to Second Semester. Substance Use & Misuse. 2018 May 12;53(6):1021–9.
• 93. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR. A controlled trial of web-based feedback for heavy drinking college students. Prev Sci. 2007 Mar;8(1):83–8.
• 94. Bedendo A, Andrade ALM, Noto AR. Intervenções via Internet para redução do consumo de álcool entre universitários: uma revisão sistemática. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018 Jun 28;42:e54.
• 95. Leeman RF, Perez E, Nogueira C, DeMartini KS. Very-Brief, Web-Based Interventions for Reducing Alcohol Use and Related Problems among College Students: A Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Feb 26];6. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00129
• 96. Prosser T, Gee KA, Jones F. A meta-analysis of effectiveness of E-interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in college and university students. Journal of American College Health. 2018 May 19;66(4):292–301.
• 97. Gulliver A, Farrer L, Chan JK, Tait RJ, Bennett K, Calear AL, et al. Technology-based interventions for tobacco and other drug use in university and college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2015 Feb 24;10(1):5.
• 98. Boettcher J, Magnusson K, Marklund A, Berglund E, Blomdahl R, Braun U, et al. Adding a smartphone app to internet-based self-help for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior. 2018 Oct 1;87:98–108.
• 99. Botella C, Gallego MJ, Garcia-Palacios A, Guillen V, Baños RM, Quero S, et al. An Internet-Based Self-Help Treatment for Fear of Public Speaking: A Controlled Trial. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2010 Aug;13(4):407–21.
• 100. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, Robinson E, Peters L, Spence J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Social Phobia with and Without Motivational Enhancement Strategies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;44(10):938–45.
• 101. Tulbure BT. The Efficacy of Internet-Supported Intervention for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Brief Meta-Analytic Review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011 Jan 1;30:552–7.
• 102. Bautista CL, Ralston AL, Brock RL, Hope DA. Peer coach support in internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for college students with social anxiety disorder: efficacy and acceptability. Cogent Psychology. 2022 Dec 31;9(1):2040160.
• 103. Tillfors M, Carlbring P, Furmark T, Lewenhaupt S, Spak M, Eriksson A, et al. Treating university students with social phobia and public speaking fears: Internet delivered self-help with or without live group exposure sessions. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(8):708–17.
• 104. McCall HC, Richardson CG, Helgadottir FD, Chen FS. Evaluating a Web-Based Social Anxiety Intervention Among University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2018 Mar 21;20(3):e8630.
• 105. Erwin BA, Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Fresco DM, Hantula DA. The Internet: home to a severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2004 Jan 1;18(5):629–46.
• 106. Makino M, Tsuboi K, Dennerstein L. Prevalence of Eating Disorders: A Comparison of Western and Non-Western Countries. MedGenMed. 2004 Sep 27;6(3):49.
• 107. Kugu N, Akyuz G, Dogan O, Ersan E, Izgic F. The prevalence of eating disorders among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;40(2):129–35.
• 108. Stice E, Rohde P, Durant S, Shaw H. A preliminary trial of a prototype internet dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program for young women with body image concerns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2012;80:907–16.
• 109. Taylor CB, Kass AE, Trockel M, Cunning D, Weisman H, Bailey J, et al. Reducing eating disorder onset in a very high risk sample with significant comorbid depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2016;84:402–14.
• 110. Lange A, Schrieken B, van de Ven JP, Bredeweg B, Emmelkamp PM, Van Der Kolk J, et al. “Interapy”: The effects of a short protocolled treatment of posttraumatic stress and pathological grief through the Internet. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2000;28(2):175–92.
• 111. Simon N, McGillivray L, Roberts NP, Barawi K, Lewis CE, Bisson JI. Acceptability of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (i-CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2019 Dec 31;10(1):1646092.
• 112. Lewis C, Roberts NP, Bethell A, Robertson L, Bisson JI. Internet-based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(12).
• 113. Sijbrandij M, Kunovski I, Cuijpers P. Effectiveness of Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Depression and Anxiety. 2016;33(9):783–91.
• 114. Simblett S, Birch J, Matcham F, Yaguez L, Morris R. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of e-Mental Health Interventions to Treat Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress. JMIR Mental Health. 2017 May 17;4(2):e5558.
• 115. Littleton H, Grills AE, Kline KD, Schoemann AM, Dodd JC. The From Survivor to Thriver program: RCT of an online therapist-facilitated program for rape-related PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2016 Oct 1;43:41–51.
• 116. Allan NP, Short NA, Albanese BJ, Keough ME, Schmidt NB. Direct and Mediating Effects of an Anxiety Sensitivity Intervention on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Trauma-Exposed Individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2015 Nov 2;44(6):512–24.
• 117. Reyes AT, Bhatta TR, Muthukumar V, Gangozo WJ. Testing the acceptability and initial efficacy of a smartphone-app mindfulness intervention for college student veterans with PTSD. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2020 Apr 1;34(2):58–66.
• 118. Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Nocturnal sleep problems among university students from 26 countries. Sleep Breath. 2015 May;19(2):499–508.
• 119. Schlarb AA, Friedrich A, Claßen M. Sleep problems in university students – an intervention. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jul 26;13:1989–2001.
• 120. Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, Garner AA, Burns GL, Kofler MJ. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health. 2018 Apr;4(2):174–81.
• 121. Lappalainen P, Granlund A, Siltanen S, Ahonen S, Vitikainen M, Tolvanen A, et al. ACT Internet-based vs face-to-face? A randomized controlled trial of two ways to deliver Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for depressive symptoms: An 18-month follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2014 Oct 1;61:43–54.
• 122. Zhou ES, Recklitis CJ. Internet-delivered insomnia intervention improves sleep and quality of life for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Sep;67(9):e28506.
• 123. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Gonder-Frederick LA, Magee JC, Bailey ET, Saylor DK, et al. Efficacy of an Internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;66(7):692–8.
• 124. Spanhel K, Burdach D, Pfeiffer T, Lehr D, Spiegelhalder K, Ebert DD, et al. Effectiveness of an internet-based intervention to improve sleep difficulties in a culturally diverse sample of international students: A randomised controlled pilot study. J Sleep Res. 2022 Apr;31(2):e13493.
• 125. Barlow DH, Farchione TJ, editors. Applications of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2018. 353 p.
• 126. Ahmad F, Morr CE, Ritvo P, Othman N, Moineddin R, Team MVC. An Eight-Week, Web-Based Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention for Students’ Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mental Health. 2020 Feb 18;7(2):e15520.
• 127. Lee RA, Jung ME. Evaluation of an mHealth App (DeStressify) on University Students’ Mental Health: Pilot Trial. JMIR Mental Health. 2018 Jan 23;5(1):e8324.
• 128. Levin ME, Haeger JA, Pierce BG, Twohig MP. Web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for mental health problems in college students: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Modification. 2017;41(1):141–62.
• 129. Morr CE, Ritvo P, Ahmad F, Moineddin R, Team MVC. Effectiveness of an 8-Week Web-Based Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention for University Students on Symptoms of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mental Health. 2020 Jul 17;7(7):e18595.
• 130. Larsson A, Hartley S, McHugh L. A randomised controlled trial of brief web-based acceptance and commitment Therapy on the general mental health, depression, anxiety and stress of college Students. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 2022 Apr 1;24:10–7.
• 131. Eustis EH, Hayes-Skelton SA, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Surviving and Thriving During Stress: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing a Brief Web-Based Therapist-Assisted Acceptance-Based Behavioral Intervention Versus Waitlist Control for College Students. Behavior Therapy. 2018 Nov 1;49(6):889–903.
• 132. Cook L, Mostazir M, Watkins E. Reducing Stress and Preventing Depression (RESPOND): Randomized Controlled Trial of Web-Based Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for High-Ruminating University Students. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2019 May 13;21(5):e11349.
• 133. Palacios JE, Richards D, Palmer R, Coudray C, Hofmann SG, Palmieri PA, et al. Supported Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Programs for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in University Students: Open, Non-Randomised Trial of Acceptability, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction. JMIR Mental Health. 2018 Dec 14;5(4):e11467.
• 134. Day V, McGrath PJ, Wojtowicz M. Internet-based guided self-help for university students with anxiety, depression and stress: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2013 Jul 1;51(7):344–51.
• 135. Rahmadiana M, Karyotaki E, Schulte M, Ebert DD, Passchier J, Cuijpers P, et al. Transdiagnostic Internet Intervention for Indonesian University Students With Depression and Anxiety: Evaluation of Feasibility and Acceptability. JMIR Mental Health. 2021 Mar 5;8(3):e20036.
• 136. Karyotaki E, Klein AM, Ciharova M, Bolinski F, Krijnen L, de Koning L, et al. Guided internet-based transdiagnostic individually tailored Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for symptoms of depression and/or anxiety in college students: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2022 Mar 1;150:104028.
• 137. Viskovich S, Pakenham KI. Pilot evaluation of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program to promote mental health skills in university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018;74(12):2047–69.
• 138. Viskovich S, Pakenham KI. Randomized controlled trial of a web-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) program to promote mental health in university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2020;76(6):929–51.
• 139. Orbach G, Lindsay S, Grey S. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of a self-help Internet-based intervention for test anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007 Mar 1;45(3):483–96.
• 140. Henriques Wollach CA, Cardaciotto L, Levin M, Lee Armstrong S. Implementing a Web-Based Cognitive Defusion Program to Target Negative Self-Referential Thoughts in College Students: A Pilot Study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 2020 Apr 1;16:183–91.
• 141. Rozental A, Forsell E, Svensson A, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Internet-based cognitive—behavior therapy for procrastination: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2015;83:808–24.
• 142. Su W, Fang X, Miller JK, Wang Y. Internet-Based Intervention for the Treatment of Online Addiction for College Students in China: A Pilot Study of the Healthy Online Self-Helping Center. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2011 Sep;14(9):497–503.
• 143. Haas A, Koestner B, Rosenberg J, Moore D, Garlow SJ, Sedway J, et al. An Interactive Web-Based Method of Outreach to College Students at Risk for Suicide. Journal of American College Health. 2008 Jul 1;57(1):15–22.
• 144. Choi H, Park H, Suarez ML, Park C, Zhao Z, Wilkie DJ. Feasibility of a web-based suicide awareness programme for Asian American college students. BMJ Open. 2016 Dec 1;6(12):e013466.
• 145. Shinde F, Wagani R, Sasidhar K. Users’ Experiences of a Web-Based Suicide Prevention Program for College Students: a Mixed Methods Approach. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 2023 Feb 14;21(3–4):264–85.
• 146. King CA, Eisenberg D, Zheng K, Czyz E, Kramer A, Horwitz A, et al. Online suicide risk screening and intervention with college students: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2015;83:630–6.
• 147. Galloway R, Watson H, Greene D, Shafran R, Egan SJ. The efficacy of randomised controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2022 Mar 4;51(2):170–84.
• 148. Radhu N, Daskalakis ZJ, Arpin-Cribbie CA, Irvine J, Ritvo P. Evaluating a Web-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Maladaptive Perfectionism in University Students. Journal of American College Health. 2012 Jul 1;60(5):357–66.
• 149. Grieve P, Egan SJ, Andersson G, Carlbring P, Shafran R, Wade TD. The impact of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism on different measures of perfectionism: a randomised controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2022 Mar 4;51(2):130–42.
• 150. Baños RM, Etchemendy E, Mira A, Riva G, Gaggioli A, Botella C. Online Positive Interventions to Promote Well-being and Resilience in the Adolescent Population: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 10];8. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00010
• 151. Herbert HS, Manjula M. Resilience based intervention to promote mental health of college students: A preliminary feasibility study from India. Mental Health & Prevention. 2022 Jun 1;26:200239.
• 152. Roig AE, Mooney O, Salamanca-Sanabria A, Lee CT, Farrell S, Richards D. Assessing the efficacy and acceptability of a web-based intervention for resilience among college students: Pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR formative research. 2020;4(11):e20167.
• 153. Salazar LF, Vivolo-Kantor A, Hardin J, Berkowitz A. A Web-Based Sexual Violence Bystander Intervention for Male College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2014 Sep 5;16(9):e3426.
• 154. Buğa A, Hamamcı Z. Bilişsel Davranışçı Yaklaşıma Dayalı Web Tabanlı İnteraktif ve Geleneksel Psiko-Eğitim Programlarının Çocukların Bilişsel Hatalarına ve Psikolojik Belirtilerine Etkisi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences. 2016;15(3).
• 155. Özer Ö, Ceyhan A. Kendi Kendine Yardım Temelli Çevrimiçi Psikososyal Destek Platformunun Geliştirilmesi. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2021;4(2):371–86.
• 156. Göcek-Yorulmaz E. Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk için bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayanan internet destekli bir kendine yardım programı geliştirme ve etkililiğini araştırma [Doktora]. [Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü]: Ege Üniversitesi; 2020.
• 157. Andersson G, Carlbring P, Holmström A, Sparthan E, Furmark T, Nilsson-Ihrfelt E, et al. Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2006;74(4):677–86. 158. Erbe D, Eichert HC, Riper H, Ebert DD. Blending Face-to-Face and Internet-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Mental Disorders in Adults: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2017 Sep 15;19(9):e6588.
• 159. Torous J, Lipschitz J, Ng M, Firth J. Dropout rates in clinical trials of smartphone apps for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020 Feb;263:413–9.
• 160. Erkan S, Cihangir Çankaya Z, Terzi̇ Ş, Özbay Y. Üniversite Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Merkezlerinin İncelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012 Jan 18;1(22):174–98.