The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Pregnant Women and the Role of the Nurse

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 269 - 273, 11.09.2022

Sevgi Özkan , Dicle Filiz Yıldırım , Pınar Sercekus

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.984273

Abstract

In addition to the social, physical, and psychological changes during pregnancy, disasters and emergencies are among the factors that can adversely affect the mental health of women. Coronavirus, which emerged in December 2019 and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, is a condition that causes changes in many areas of life within the scope of disasters and emergencies. These changes are also observed in the life of the pregnant woman. The isolation practices applied at home and the emphasis on pandemic services in health care services can be shown as examples of these situations. In addition to the practices that took place during this period, uncertainties can also adversely affect the mental health of pregnant women. The purpose of this review is to examine the effect of the pandemic on women's mental health in the antenatal period and the role of the nurse.

Keywords

Covid-19, pregnancy, mental health, nurse's role

COVID-19 Pandemisinin Gebelerin Ruh Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkisi ve Hemşirenin Rolü

Abstract

Gebelikte yaşanan sosyal, fiziksel ve psikolojik değişikliklerin yanı sıra afet ve acil durumlar kadının ruh sağlığını olumsuz şekilde etkileyebilen faktörler arasında yer almaktadır. Aralık 2019’da ortaya çıkan ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından Mart 2020’de pandemi olarak ilan edilen koronavirüs, afet ve acil durumlar kapsamında yer alan yaşamda birçok alanda değişikliğe neden olan bir durumdur. Bu değişiklikler gebe kadının yaşamında da gözlemlenmektedir. Evde uygulanan izolasyon uygulamaları, sağlık bakım hizmetlerinde pandemiye ilişkin hizmetlere ağırlık verilmesi bu durumlara örnek olarak gösterilebilmektedir. Bu dönemde gerçekleşen uygulamaların yanı sıra yaşanan belirsizlikler de gebe kadınların ruh sağlığını olumsuz şekilde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı da pandeminin antenatal dönemde kadınların ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkisinin ve hemşirenin rolünün incelenmesidir.

Keywords

covid-19, gebelik, ruh sağlığı, hemşirenin rolü

References

• Ahlers-Schmidt C, Hervey AM, Neil T, Kuhlmann S, Kuhlmann Z. (2020). Concerns of women regarding pregnancy and childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient Educ Couns, 103(12), 2578-2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.09.031
• Atmuri K, Sarkar M, Obudu E, Kumar A. (2021). Perspectives of pregnant women during the covıd-19 pandemic: aqualitative study. Women Birth, 1260, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2021.03.008
• Aydın R, Kızılkaya T, Hancıoğlu Aytaç S, Taşlar N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonu dönemde kadınların sosyal destek gereksinimi ve ebelik yaklaşımları. Turkish Studies,15(4):679-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44489
• Bahar A, Çuhadar D, Bahar G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: karantina ve izolasyon sürecinde ruh sağlığı. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 42-48.
• Brooks SK, Wetson D, Greenberg N. (2020) Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: rapid evidence review. Public Health, 189, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.006
• Cameron EE, Joyce KM, Delaquis CP, Reynolds K, Protudjer JLP, Roos LE. (2020). Maternal psychological distress & mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders,76,765-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.08
• Chaves C, Marchena C, Palacios B, Salgado A, Duque A. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health in Spain: Positive and negative outcomes. Women Birth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2021.01.007
• Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, et al. (2012). Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(2), 139-49. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.11.091850
• Fan S, Guan J, Cao L, Wang M, Zhao H, Chen L, Yan L. (2021). Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on Pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 102533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102533
• Genç Koyucu R, Palas Karaca P. (2021). The COVID-19 outbreak: Maternal Mental Health and Associated Factors. Midwifery, 99, 103013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103013
• Gonzalez-Garcia V, Exertier M, Denis A. (2021). Anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and emotion regulation: a longitudinal study of Pregnant women having given birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(100225), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100225
• Harrison V, Moulds ML, Jones K. (2021). Perceived social support and prenatal wellbeing; The mediating effects of loneliness and repetitive negative thinking on anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Women Birth, 1232, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.12.014
• Işık G, Yeşilçınar İ, Çetin Avcı S, Topaloğlu ED, Evrenol Öçal S, Egelioğlu Çetişli N. (2020). COVID-19 enfeksiyonunun antenatal, intrapartum ve postpartum yönetimi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 93-98.
• Kassaw C, Pandey D. (2020). The prevalence of general anxiety disorder and its associated factors among women’s attending at the perinatal service of Dilla University referral hospital, Dilla town, Ethiopia, April, 2020 in COVID pandemic. Heliyon, 6, e05593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05593
• Khoury JE, Atkinson L, Bennet T, Jack SM, Gonzalez A. (2021). COVID-19 and mental health during pregnancy: The importance of cognitive appraisal and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 1161-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.027 Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, & Giesbrecht G. (2020). Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among Pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126
• Lin W, Wu B, Chen B, Lai G, Huang S, Li S, et al. (2021). Sleep conditions associate with anxiety and depression symptoms among pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in shenzhen. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 567-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.114
• Liu CH, Erdei C, Mittal L. (2021). Risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in perinatal women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113552
• Matvienko-Sikar K, Pope J, Cremin A, Carr H, Leitao S, Olander EK, Meaney S. (2020). Differences in levels of stress, social support, health behaviours, and stress- reducation strategies for women pregnant before and during the covıd-19 pandemic, and based on phases of pandemic restrictions, in Ireland. Women Birth, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.010
• Mizrak Şahin B, Kabaçı EN. (2021). The experiences of Pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A qualitative study. Women Birth, 34, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.022
• Patabendige M, Gamage MM, Weerasinghe M, Jayawardane A. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 151(1), 150–153.
• Perzow SED, Hennessey EMP, Hoffman MC, Grote NK, Davis PE, Hankin BL. (2021). Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4,100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100123
• Pope J, Olander EK, Leitao S, Meaney S, Matvienko-Sikar K. (2021). Prenatal stress, health, and health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international survey. Women Birth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2021.03.007
• Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among U.S. women Pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine, 266, 113348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113348
• Racine N, Hetherington E, McArthur BA, McDonald S, Tought S, Madigant S. (2021). Maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: a longitudinal analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00074-2 Ravaldi C, Wilson A, Ricca V, Homer C, Vannacci A. (2020). Pregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Women Birth, 34(4), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.002
• Romero-Gonzalez BR, Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Marino-Narvaez C, Prealta-Ramirez MI? (2021). Confinement variables by COVID-19 predictors of anxious and depressive symptoms in Pregnant women. Medicina Clinica, 156(4), 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.10.002
• Saccone G. (2020). Psychological impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 223(2), 293-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003
• Yılmaz E, Çağlayan N, Yazıcı S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrası döneme etkileri ve sürecin yönetimi. Van Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(Özel Sayı), 92-99.
• Yılmaz Esencan T, Demir Yıldırım A. (2020). Uluslararası kılavuzlar ve uzman görüşleri ışığında COVID-19 sürecinde antenatal, perinatal ve postnatal ebelik bakımı. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 29(5), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.763258
• Zhou Y, Shi H, Liu Z, Peng S, Wang R, Qi L, et. al. (2020). The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms of Pregnant and non-pregnant women during the COVID-19 epidemic. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 319. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01006-x
• Xu K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Lv L, Zhang J. (2021). Mental health among pregnant women under public health ınterventions during COVID-19 outbreak in wuhan, china. Psychiatry Research, 113977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113977
• World Health Organization (WHO). Timeline: WHO’s COVID-19 response. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline?gclid=CjwKCAjwkN6EBhBNEiwADVfyazrkjBImpdsubCmP91Vv5bEJYFH49f-5B9GEw4s-31jw7-ZE0sus-hoCl4UQAvD_BwE#event-115 Available Date:08.05.2021.