SIMILARITY IN IMMUNE RESPONSE BETWEEN SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 50 - 60, 06.04.2022

Elif Zeynep Öztürk , Gülşah Alyar

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by persistent inflammatory reactions that lead to organ damage and dysfunction in various organs due to the presence of autoantibodies and a deregulated immune system. Disorders of the immune system are also present in COVID-19. Autoantibody production is an important feature of autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex and still not fully understood. Infectious pathogens are believed to mimic the molecular mechanisms that trigger autoimmune diseases. Viral infection can impair immunological tolerance by exposure of antigen epitopes that elicit cross-reactive antibodies. There are numerous studies showing antigenic mimicry between viral and human proteins. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are viruses that inhibit these autoimmune abilities. Similarly, there are numerous studies showing the possibility that patients with SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 will develop multiple types of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. Patients have a tendency to develop more than 15 different types of autoantibodies and more than 10 different autoimmune diseases. COVID-19 has been described along with other autoimmune conditions such as synthesis of various autoantibodies, Kawasaki disease, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Since loss of smell has been described and linked to many autoimmune conditions, it is possible that hyposmia/anosmia in COVID-19 patients is at least partially induced by autoimmune mechanisms. The main mechanisms that may contribute to the development of autoimmunity in the disease are mechanisms: SARS-CoV-2's ability to overstimulate the immune system, induce neutrophil-related cytokine responses and excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and molecular similarity between the host's own components and the virus. In addition, there are potential risks of COVID-19 on new-onset autoimmune diseases such as antiphospholipid syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease and others. Recognizing these autoimmune manifestations of COVID-19 is essential in order to properly deal with the ongoing pandemic and its long-term post-pandemic consequences.

Keywords

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Otoimmunity, COVID-19 structure, Post COVID

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